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41.
Targeting and design of water networks for fixed flowrate and fixed contaminant load operations 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ravi Prakash 《Chemical engineering science》2005,60(1):255-268
Water-using processes are typically modeled as either fixed flowrate operations or fixed contaminant load operations. A new method for targeting the minimum freshwater and pinch in a single-contaminant water network is proposed, which can be applied to both kinds of operations. The method consists of plotting separate source and demand composites with flowrate as the horizontal axis and contaminant load unusually as the vertical axis. It is elegant, non-iterative, and can handle hybrid problems where both kinds of operations coexist.To design minimum freshwater networks for fixed flowrate problems, an algorithm is presented based on a newly developed principle of nearest neighbors. The principle simply states that the source streams to be chosen to satisfy a particular water demand must be the nearest available neighbors in terms of contaminant concentration.To design minimum freshwater networks for fixed contaminant load problems, the nearest neighbors algorithm is applied to process units that lie across the pinch. Units that lie entirely on one side of the pinch are satisfied by the cleanest source available on that side of the pinch. In other words, below-pinch units are satisfied by freshwater and above-pinch units are satisfied by the cleanest available stream above the pinch. Designs based on this methodology, apart from meeting the minimum freshwater target, also minimize the water flowing through the process units resulting in reduced network capital cost. 相似文献
42.
Detailed studies were carried out on the electrowinning of antimony from SbCl3–HCl–H2SO4 and SbCl3–HCl baths using a graphite anode and a tantalum cathode, the anode being enclosed in a cylindrical glass compartment provided with a sintered disc. Disintegration of the graphite anode increased with increase in anode current density and duration of electrolysis. Analysis of gas evolved at the anode indicated that the presence of sulphuric acid increased the production of CO2. The anodic disintegration was reduced to a negligibly low value by circulation of 6m HCl through the anode compartment. Optimum conditions were determined for electrowinning of antimony from a SbCl3–HCl bath. The tantalum content in the metal was 0.1–0.2 p.p.m. 相似文献
43.
44.
Guttamindapalli A. Ravi Feridoon Azough Robert Freer Robert J. Cernik Anthony M. T. Bell 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2007,90(12):3947-3952
Mixed-oxide prepared Ca0.7 Ti0.7 La0.3 Al0.3 O3 (CTLA) ceramics (≈96% dense), grain size 6–7 μm, with dielectric properties (at 4 GHz) of ɛr ≈46, Q × f ≈38 000 GHz, and τf +13 ppm/°C, were studied at 25°–1300°C using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. At room temperature, CTLA exhibits a distorted orthorhombic structure, with two tilt systems: a =5.40383 (4) Å, b =5.41106 (6) Å, and c =7.64114 (7) Å with space group Pbnm . At 1050°±25°C, there is a transition from orthorhombic ( Pbnm ) to tetragonal ( I 4/ mcm ), with a simpler tilt arrangement. The lattice parameters at 1100°C were: a =5.44285 (4) Å and c =7.68913 (8) Å. 相似文献
45.
[60]Fullerene (C60) was mono-substituted with well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-b-C60) using the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique. The self-assembly behaviors of PMMA-b-C60 in ethyl acetate (EA) and decalin mixtures were studied using laser light scattering (LLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Homogeneous solutions of PMMA-b-C60 can be obtained in the solvent mixtures containing more than 40 wt% EA, where the molar ratio of decalin to EA is close to 1. For each solvent mixture, unimers coexist with micelles and large aggregates. The sizes of PMMA-b-C60 micelles and aggregates are independent of polymer concentration, confirming that they are produced via the closed association mechanism. For the various solvent mixtures, the weight-averaged molecular weights, Mw of the PMMA-b-C60 aggregates range from 4.1×107 to 12.5×107 g/mol. The hydrodynamic radii of the large aggregate, Rh, vary from 90 to 136 nm, while the z-averaged radii of gyration, Rg, range from 210 to 311 nm. The Rg/Rh value for each solvent mixture is ∼2.3, which is independent of decalin contents in the mixed solvents. The morphological study using the transmission electron microscope suggests that the large aggregates are composed of porous large compound micelles (LCM) in solution. 相似文献
46.
K. N. Srinivasan M. Selvam S. Venkata Krishna Iyer 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》1993,23(4):358-363
Electrodeposition of metals from solution is usually accompanied by the simultaneous discharge of hydrogen ions or water molecules. When hydrogen is liberated at an iron/steel surface during electrodeposition, a portion of the hydrogen is absorbed by the metal surface and then diffuses into the interior. The diffused hydrogen produces some detrimental effects, such as reduction in ductility and loss in mechanical strength, leading to hydrogen embrittlement. The present paper reports investigations on hydrogen permeation measurements in zinc-manganese alloy deposition using a modified electrode clamp for easy removal and fixing of the electrode. Hydrogen permeation studies indicate that the porosity of the deposit increases in the following order:Zn-Mn(14.3%), Zn-Mn(2.4%), Zn-Mn(24.8%) and Zn-Mn(37.5%).This is in agreement with the corrosion data obtained which indicates that Zn-Mn alloy deposits with low manganese content show better performance than pure zinc deposits. 相似文献
47.
Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies were carried out on the failure surface of syntactic foam material tested in a short beam three point bend test (SBT) by employing 21 × 15 × 3 mm3 dimension bearing specimens. The syntactic foams were fabricated using glass microballoons in epoxy binder. The failure of the tensile, compression, and shear dominated regions were studied by SEM at different magnifications. The tensile region had characteristic features, such as partial debonding of the microballoons from the matrix and cracking of glass microballoons, apart from matrix cracking and some river pattern features. The compression side was characterized by crushing and collapsing of microballoons, resulting in accumulation of debris with no apparent river pattern for matrix‐rich regions. The midway positions of the SBT failed surface comprised of deformation bands in the matrix and occasional debonding of microballoons. The morphology recorded in the tensile and compression regions corroborated well with the results obtained on these foam samples in those specimens that were subjected to pure uniaxial tension and compression, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 673–679, 2005 相似文献
48.
Anbarasi A. Ravi S. Vaishnavi J. Matla S. V. Suresh Babu 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2021,80(14):21409-21424
Multimedia Tools and Applications - The significance of mitral valve (MV) treatment is increasing recently because of an aging population. The computer vision-based acquisition and quantification... 相似文献
49.
50.
Surface reconstruction for incremental forming 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Erman Tekkaya Ravi Shankar Gerd Sebastiani Werner Homberg Matthias Kleiner 《Production Engineering》2007,1(1):71-78
In spite of extensive efforts being made with regard to virtual process optimization technology, the production of prototype
parts is still a necessity. With respect to the production of sheet metal parts in low quantities, incremental sheet metal
forming (ISMF) is a highly interesting process. ISMF allows the production of complex parts with drastically reduced costs
in tooling and machinery compared to conventional processes like deep drawing. However, ISMF, with it’s incremental nature,
introduces the need for generating a tool path considering both final geometry and process-induced deviations or constraints.
Consequently, for the generation of the tool path a (tool path) surface, with an adequate offset, is necessary. That is why,
within the scope of extensive research work at the Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction (IUL), a special
correction module has been developed, determining this offset e.g. depending on the workpiece geometry. This paper presents
the algorithm, the application, and the effect on the produced parts. Furthermore, a concept for an extension regarding further
constraints like elastic workpiece behavior is presented. 相似文献