Adaptive control of systems with unknown non-smooth non-linearities

In this paper we unify our recent results in adaptive control of systems with unknown non-smooth non-linearities such as dead-zone, backlash and hysteresis characteristics at the input or output of a linear dynamics. Our adaptive inverse approach employs an adaptive controller structure consisting of an adaptive inverse for cancelling the effect of an unknown non-linearity and a fixed (or adaptive) linear control law for a known (or unknown) linear dynamics. Despite the bilinear dependence on the unknown parameters, a linearly parametrized error system is constructed which enables us to design robust adaptive laws for updating the controller parameters to ensure closed loop signal boundedness and improve system tracking performance. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Toward persistent autonomous intervention in a subsea panel

Intervention autonomous underwater vehicles (I-AUVs) have the potential to open new avenues for the maintenance and monitoring of offshore subsea facilities in a cost-effective way. However, this requires challenging intervention operations to be carried out persistently, thus minimizing human supervision and ensuring a reliable vehicle behaviour under unexpected perturbances and failures. This paper describes a system to perform autonomous intervention—in particular valve-turning—using the concept of persistent autonomy. To achieve this goal, we build a framework that integrates different disciplines, involving mechatronics, localization, control, machine learning and planning techniques, bearing in mind robustness in the implementation of all of them. We present experiments in a water tank, conducted with Girona 500 I-AUV in the context of a multiple intervention mission. Results show how the vehicle sets several valve panel configurations throughout the experiment while handling different errors, either spontaneous or induced. Finally, we report the insights gained from our experience and we discuss the main aspects that must be matured and refined in order to promote the future development of intervention autonomous vehicles that can operate, persistently, in subsea facilities.     

Improvement of the impact strength of ethylene‐propylene random copolymers by nucleation

Five ethylene‐propylene random copolymers were nucleated with two soluble nucleating agents. Ethylene content changed between 1.7 and 5.3 wt %, while nucleating agent content was adjusted according to the solubility of the additive. It changed from 0 to 5000 ppm for the sorbitol (1,2,3‐tridesoxy‐4,6:5,7‐bis‐O‐[(4‐propylphenyl) methylene]‐nonitol) and from 0 to 500 ppm for the trisamide compound (1,3,5‐benzene‐trisamide) used. Crystalline structure was analyzed in detail by various methods (DSC, XRD, and SEM). Mechanical properties were characterized by tensile and instrumented impact measurements. The results showed that most properties changed moderately upon nucleation, but impact resistance increased considerably. Spherulitic structure was not detected, but instead in the presence of the soluble nucleating agents used a microcrystalline structure formed. The large increase of impact resistance could not be related directly to changes in crystalline morphology. On the other hand, local rearrangement of morphology was detected by XRD and SEM analysis including an increase of lamella thickness, crystal orientation, and the formation of shish‐kebab structures in the core of the injection molded specimens. A small increase in the γ‐phase content of PP was also observed. These changes increased crack propagation energy considerably leading to the large improvement observed in impact resistance. Although the phenomenon could be related to ethylene content, differences in molecular weight also helped to explain the changes observed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43823.     

Modeling of liver metastatic disease with applied drug therapy

Colorectal carcinoma is acknowledged as the second leading cause of total cancer-related death in the European Region. The majority of deaths related to colorectal carcinoma are connected with liver metastatic disease. Approximately, in 25% of all patients, liver metastatic disease is diagnosed at the same time as the primary diagnosis, while up to a quarter of others would develop liver metastases in the course of the illness. In this study, we developed reaction-diffusion model and analyzed the effect of drug therapy on liver metastatic disease for a specific patient. Tumor volumes in specific time points were obtained using CT scan images. The nonlinear function for cell proliferation rate as well as data about clinically applied drug therapy was included in the model. Fitting procedure was used for parameter estimation. Good agreement of numerical and experimental results shows the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed system.     

Strategies to enhance dry reforming of methane: Synthesis of ceria-zirconia/nickel–cobalt catalysts by freeze-drying and NO calcination

To improve the activity of nickel–cobalt (NiCo) catalyst supported on ceria-zirconia (CeZr) in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) with carbon dioxide, and to lower the coking rate in this process, 1.5 wt.% and 2.5 wt.% NiCo catalysts were prepared using two approaches, i.e. freeze-drying (FD) and NO calcination for comparison against oven-drying (OD) and air calcination (air), respectively. Their impact was studied for 20 h of DRM at 750 ^°C and 1.2 bar, with undiluted CH₄–CO₂ feed simulating the real conditions. NO-calcined samples show, on average, more pronounced improvement through increased conversion of CH₄ (90%), followed by FD samples (85%) from the air and OD-prepared samples (both 82%). Coking content varied between 0.67 and 0.82 wt.%. The observed slow catalyst deactivation might be caused by sintering of the catalysts. Higher quantity of CO than H₂ for syngas production was obtained, owing to concurrent reverse water-gas shift side reaction, and high redox properties of the defective CeZr lattice that enabled surface carbon gasification by continuous replenishment of oxygen from the support to produce CO, of which the latter phenomenon also explains the low carbon deposition. H₂/CO ratio between 0.42 and 0.85 was achieved, with FD and NO samples fared better (0.83–0.85) over the ones prepared by conventional methods (0.73–0.82) for 2.5%NiCo loaded catalysts.     

Cytotoxicity and fibroblast properties during in vitro test of biphasic calcium phosphate/poly-dl-lactide-co-glycolide biocomposites and different phosphate materials

Reconstruction of bone defects is one of the major therapeutic goals in various clinical fields. Bone replacement materials must satisfy a number of criteria. Biological criteria are biocompatibility, controlled biodegradability, and osteoconductive or even osteogenic potential. The material should have a three-dimensional structure with an interconnected pore system so as to permit cell growth and transport of substances. The surface must permit cell adhesion and proliferation. Composite biomaterials have enormous potential for natural bone tissue reparation, filling and augmentation. Calcium hydroxyapatite/polymer composite biomaterials belong to this group of composites and, because of their osteoconductive and biocompatible properties, can be successfully implemented within bone tissue reparations. In this study, possible differences between BCP/DLPLG, pure BCP, and Bio-Oss materials were examined in vitro. During overnight incubations, fibroblast and fibroblast-like cells (L929, MRC5) were able to adhere, spread, and remain viable on BCP, BCP/PLGA, and Bio-Oss discs, as was evidenced by using light- and LVSEM-microscopy. Inhibiting influence over the cell growth is more pronounced in the cases of BCP usage on both cell lines--41.29% for L929 and 43.08% for MRC-5 cells. MRC-5 cells are, within the given experimental conditions, less sensitive on inhibiting effects for the materials BCP/PLGA and Bio-Oss (10.13% and 10.76%, respectively) than for the L929 cell lines (23.02% and 15.44%, respectively).     

Degradative side reactions in the syntheses of exactly alternating silarylene-siloxane polymers

Summary Four principal synthetic methods for preparation of exactly alternating silarylene-siloxane polymers: the chlorosilane, the acetoxysilane, the aminosilane and the ureidosilane polymerization reactions, were compared under equivalent experimental conditions. As indicated earlier, polymers with considerably different molecular weights were obtained. The highest molecular weight polymer resulted from the ureidosilane reaction, while the lowest ones were obtained from the chlorosilane and the acetoxysilane routes. Because thorough precautions were taken to ensure equally favorable conditions in all preparations, these results seem to support a hypothesis that the latter two reactions are limited by the occurrence of degradative desilytation side reactions which are inherent to the nature of these polymerization systems.Dedicated to Professor Dragutin Fle on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

A new IoT‐based smart energy meter for smart grids

The significant increase in energy consumption by the growth of the population or by the use of new equipment has brought big challenges to the energy security as well as the environment. There is a need that consumers can track their daily use and understand consumption standards for better organizing themselves to obtain financial and energetic efficiency. With the improvement of smart networks technology for better energy supply, a smart meter is not just a simple measurement gadget anymore, but it has additional functions including smart equipment control, bidirectional communication that allows integration of users and networks, and other functionalities. Smart meters are the most fundamental components in smart power grids. Besides, the meters used with a management system can be utilized for monitoring and controlling home appliances and other gadgets according to the users' need. A solution of an integrated and single system should be more efficient and economical. Smart measurement systems allow monitoring the energy consumption of the final consumers while providing useful information about the energy quality. The information provided by these systems is used by the operators to enhance the energy supply, and different techniques can be also applied for this end, such as charge scheduling, management from the demand side, and non‐intrusive load monitoring. The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a great ally in the management of smart distribution and energy consumption in smart systems scenarios. To address these issues, this paper proposes and demonstrates a new smart energy meter following an IoT approach and its associated costs and benefits. The developed device incorporates several communication interfaces. In order to easily integrate with any monitoring software solution, the meter has a multi‐protocol connection. Finally, the provided solution is validated and demonstrated in real‐life environments and it is also under use.