Robust Design of Basic Low Voltage CMOS Transconductors

Two new low voltage transconductors are introduced and the statistical design of these transconductors are presented. The circuits operate in the saturation region with fully balanced input signals. Initial circuit simulation results are given. Response surface methodology and design of experiment techniques are used as statistical VLSI design tools together with the statistical MOS (SMOS) model. The response surfaces obtained for the two transconductors show the trade-off between area and functional yield. Using these contours, the designer will be able to estimate the functional yield of the circuits before fabrication. The contours also provide information regarding which transistor aspect ratios are to be altered to achieve a better functional yield.     

Simple and accurate non-linear current conveyor macromodel suitable for simulation of active filters using CCIIs

This paper describes a simple and accurate non-linear current conveyor macromodel which is especially suitable for simulation of active filter applications. The results obtained show that the proposed macromodel approximately represents the current conveyor with the same accuracy as the semiconductor SPICE device models, but with a considerably reduced computer time. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of reuterin,produced by Lactobacillus reuteri on the surface of sausages to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp.

Reuterin is a bacteriocin produced by some strains of Lactobacillus reuteri. The strain used in this study was isolated from raw milk from a dairy farm nearby Ankara. Beef sausage is a long years produced bratwurst style meat product in Turkey, as well as in some other countries in the Mediterranean region. Sausages are produced by raw meat; sometimes lactic starter cultures are added or spontaneous fermentation is employed. The production and storage conditions of the product promotes the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. Although nitrate is added as an antimicrobial substance against many pathogens, sometimes however nitrate application is not preventive enough on the surface because of the natural film around the sausages. Since most of the contaminations take place at post production steps, pathogenic growth is more effective on the surface of the sausages in refrigerated conditions. In this study, reuterin was applied to the surface of the sausages in order to prevent the growth of these two pathogens along with nitrate used as an additive in the product. Reuterin has inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes considerably but not of Salmonella spp. on the surface of the sausages.     

Styrenation of castor oil and linseed oil by macromer method

In this study a novel macromer technique has been described for the styrenation of triglyceride oils. Macromers were prepared through the interesterification of castor oil with linseed oil followed by esterification with acrylic acid. In this preparation various castor oil/linseed oil ratios were applied to obtain a macromer which gave a copolymer with good film properties after copolymerization with styrene. Macromers were styrenated at 100°C using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The styrenation leads to improved film properties with the related interesterification product although castor oil is a non‐drying oil.     

Model Predictive Control Coupled with Artificial Intelligence for Eddy Current Dynamometers

The recent studies on Artificial Intelligence (AI) accompanied by enhanced computing capabilities supports increasing attention into traditional control methods coupled with AI learning methods in an attempt to bringing adaptiveness and fast responding features. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) technique is a widely used, safe and reliable control method based on constraints. On the other hand, the Eddy Current dynamometers are highly nonlinear braking systems whose performance parameters are related to many processes related variables. This study is based on an adaptive model predictive control that utilizes selected AI methods. The presented approach presents an updated the mathematical model of an Eddy Current Dynamometer based on experimentally obtained system operational data. Finally, the comparison of AI methods and related learning performances based on the assessment technique of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) issues are discussed. The results indicate that Single Hidden Layer Neural Network (SHLNN), General Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Radial Basis Network (RBNN), Neuro Fuzzy Network (ANFIS) coupled MPC have quite satisfying performances. The presented results indicate that, amongst them, GRNN appears to provide the best performance.     

Determination of the quality and purity characteristics of olive oils obtained from different regions of Turkey,depending on climatic changes

Virgin olive oils (VOOs) obtained from olives grown in different regions of Turkey under changing climatic conditions sometimes show different sensory and chemical properties. This study was planned to determine whether these deviations are due to climatic changes or not. For this purpose, five different olive varieties (Ayvalık, Memecik, Gemlik, Nizip Yağlık, Kilis Yağlık) of commercial importance were harvested from the provinces/districts (four different region) where cultivation is intense during the 2017/2018–2020/2021 harvest years. Every year, olive samples were collected from 3 orchards from 13 provinces/districts. One hundred and fifty-six samples were subjected to the purity, quality and sensory analysis. Basic climatic values (average, minimum and maximum temperature, humidity and precipitation) were examined for four consecutive years. All of the examined olive oil samples were determined within the legal limits in terms of fatty acid composition and fatty acid ethyl ester values. However, delta-7-stigmastenol value from the sterol composition was found to be above 0.5% in some samples in all the years studied (total 21 samples). Delta-7-stigmastenol values of olive oil samples varied between 0.16% and 1.14%. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied using a genetic algorithm-based inverse least squares method to determine whether there is a relationship between climate data and delta-7-stigmastenol values. According to this result, it has been determined that the delta-7-stigmastenol value is high when the annual average relative humidity is low and the annual average temperature is high. There is an urgent need to make forward-looking plans due to climate change.     

One step densification of SDC—Na2CO3 nano-composite electrolytes for SOFC applications by cold sintering process

Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9- 30% Na₂CO₃ (Sm doped ceria (SDC)-30N) nano-composite electrolytes were densified in a single step via cold sintering process (CSP). At 200°C and 450 MPa of uniaxial pressure, samples up to 97% of their theoretical density could be obtained. The effect of processing parameters, such as temperature, uniaxial pressure, processing duration, and moisture content, on the densification of the nano-composite electrolytes was investigated. The thermal, microstructural, and electrical properties of nano-composites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, and EIS analysis. SDC crystallite sizes were found to be around 25 nm, barely coarsened after CSP by which the true nano nature of the nano-composite could be preserved. Because, by conventional processing high density values could not be attained and high processing temperatures in excess of 600°C had to be used, promoting particle coarsening. The highest total electrical conductivity was found to be 2.2 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ at 600°C, with an activation energy of 0.83 eV for SDC-30N nano-composites. The present investigation revealed that the implementation of cold sintering technique resulted in significant enhancements in the densification of nano-composite electrolytes, thereby rendering them suitable for efficient utilization in SOFC applications, as compared to the conventional production methods.     

Threshold prediction for detecting rare positive samples using a meta-learner

Pattern Analysis and Applications - Threshold-moving is one of the several techniques employed in correcting the bias of binary classifiers towards the majority class. In this approach, the...     

Performance analysis of PVT systems applicable to apartment housing structures: experiment and simulation

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Since Korean apartments are high-rise structures, the only renewable energy that can be applied for ZEB advantage is in fact solar energy. The CO2...