Sustainable end-of-life vehicle recycling: R&;D collaboration between industry and the U.S. DOE

Approximately 15 million cars and trucks reach the end of their useful life in the United States each year. More than 75% of the materials from end-of-life vehicles are profitably recovered and recycled by the private sector; automotive materials recycling is a success story. To achieve greater fuel efficiency and safety, today’s cars incorporate an increasing share of innovative light-weight materials. While these materials greatly enhance efficiency during vehicle use, they can present special challenges for recycling. These challenges will persist as automotive designs and the mix of materials used in vehicles continue evolving to further improve safety and performance. To meet the challenges of automotive materials recycling, the U.S. Department of Energy has recently expanded its collaborative research with industry in this area. This article discusses this collaborative government/industry approach to sustainable end-of-life vehicle recycling. For more information, contact Edward J. Daniels, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Building 362, Room C393, Argonne, IL 60439-4815; (630) 252-5279; fax (630) 252-1342; e-mail edaniels@anl.gov.     

Control of material flow in a combined backward can - forward rod extrusion

The paper deals with an analysis of an extrusion process with a divided material flow. As we are forced to seek for optimal technological solutions with short testing times and low risks and costs, a reliable process evaluation is of the greatest importance.

The paper discusses the influences of tool geometry, friction and lubrication as well as workpiece properties on balanced material flow in a combined extrusion process. The FEM analysis applying the DEFORM code has been used in order to predict the process parameters and to estimate its stability. The subsequent experimental verification has resulted in a conclusion that modern computer aided tools, tuned by proper experimental sets, can be used for fast and reliable cold metal forging process planning.     

铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层工艺参数优化的研究

目的 通过优化等离子喷涂工艺参数，提高铝合金表面等离子喷涂Al2O3-3%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层的结合强度和涂层表截面硬度。方法 用正交试验法，对影响喷涂涂层结合强度和硬度的4个关键喷涂参数进行优化，分别得到喷涂粘结底层Ni-5Al和工作表层Al2O3-3%TiO2的最佳优化参数。结果 通过正交试验确定影响Ni-5Al涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷涂电流、喷涂距离、辅气流量、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1；影响Al2O3-3%TiO2涂层综合指标的因素由主到次是喷距、辅气流量、电流、主气流量，最优水平数为2、3、2、1。Ni-5Al涂层的最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离120 mm，喷涂电流520 A，主气流量42 L/min，辅气流量7.5 L/min。Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层最佳喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂距离90 mm，喷涂电流530 A，主气流量46 L/min，辅气流量7.8 L/min。最佳工艺下制备的Ni-5Al底层与基体的结合强度为25.2 MPa，Al2O3-3%TiO2复合涂层与Ni-5Al底层的结合强度为17.8 MPa，且其截面硬度在1000HV0.5以上。结论 对喷涂工艺参数进行优化可以得到质量高且稳定的Al2O3-3%TiO2复合喷涂涂层，与非最佳工艺参数喷涂涂层相比，各指标均有较大提高。     

A Hybrid Color Quantization Algorithm Incorporating a Human Visual Perception Model

Color quantization is a common image processing technique where full color images are to be displayed using a limited palette of colors. The choice of a good palette is crucial as it directly determines the quality of the resulting image. Standard quantization approaches aim to minimize the mean squared error (MSE) between the original and the quantized image, which does not correspond well to how humans perceive the image differences. In this article, we introduce a color quantization algorithm that hybridizes an optimization scheme based with an image quality metric that mimics the human visual system. Rather than minimizing the MSE, its objective is to maximize the image fidelity as evaluated by S‐CIELAB, an image quality metric that has been shown to work well for various image processing tasks. In particular, we employ a variant of simulated annealing with the objective function describing the S‐CIELAB image quality of the quantized image compared with its original. Experimental results based on a set of standard images demonstrate the superiority of our approach in terms of achieved image quality.     

Evaluation of Sensors and Mapping Approaches for Disasters in Tunnels

Ground or aerial robots equipped with advanced sensing technologies, such as three‐dimensional laser scanners and advanced mapping algorithms, are deemed useful as a supporting technology for first responders. A great deal of excellent research in the field exists, but practical applications at real disaster sites are scarce. Many projects concentrate on equipping robots with advanced capabilities, such as autonomous exploration or object manipulation. In spite of this, realistic application areas for such robots are limited to teleoperated reconnaissance or search. In this paper, we investigate how well state‐of‐the‐art and off‐the‐shelf components and algorithms are suited for reconnaissance in current disaster‐relief scenarios. The basic idea is to make use of some of the most common sensors and deploy some widely used algorithms in a disaster situation, and to evaluate how well the components work for these scenarios. We acquired the sensor data from two field experiments, one from a disaster‐relief operation in a motorway tunnel, and one from a mapping experiment in a partly closed down motorway tunnel. Based on these data, which we make publicly available, we evaluate state‐of‐the‐art and off‐the‐shelf mapping approaches. In our analysis, we integrate opinions and replies from first responders as well as from some algorithm developers on the usefulness of the data and the limitations of the deployed approaches, respectively. We discuss the lessons we learned during the two missions. These lessons are interesting for the community working in similar areas of urban search and rescue, particularly reconnaissance and search.     

An Integrated Approach to Locality-Conscious Processor Allocation and Scheduling of Mixed-Parallel Applications

Complex parallel applications can often be modeled as directed acyclic graphs of coarse-grained application tasks with dependences. These applications exhibit both task and data parallelism, and combining these two (also called mixed parallelism) has been shown to be an effective model for their execution. In this paper, we present an algorithm to compute the appropriate mix of task and data parallelism required to minimize the parallel completion time (makespan) of these applications. In other words, our algorithm determines the set of tasks that should be run concurrently and the number of processors to be allocated to each task. The processor allocation and scheduling decisions are made in an integrated manner and are based on several factors such as the structure of the task graph, the runtime estimates and scalability characteristics of the tasks, and the intertask data communication volumes. A locality-conscious scheduling strategy is used to improve intertask data reuse. Evaluation through simulations and actual executions of task graphs derived from real applications and synthetic graphs shows that our algorithm consistently generates schedules with a lower makespan as compared to Critical Path Reduction (CPR) and Critical Path and Allocation (CPA), two previously proposed scheduling algorithms. Our algorithm also produces schedules that have a lower makespan than pure task- and data-parallel schedules. For task graphs with known optimal schedules or lower bounds on the makespan, our algorithm generates schedules that are closer to the optima than other scheduling approaches.     

Hyperprolactinemia in end‐stage renal disease and effects of frequent hemodialysis

Introduction: End‐stage renal disease is associated with elevations in circulating prolactin concentrations, but the association of prolactin concentrations with intermediate health outcomes and the effects of hemodialysis frequency on changes in serum prolactin have not been examined. Methods: The FHN Daily and Nocturnal Dialysis Trials compared the effects of conventional thrice weekly hemodialysis with in‐center daily hemodialysis (6 days/week) and nocturnal home hemodialysis (6 nights/week) over 12 months and obtained measures of health‐related quality of life, self‐reported physical function, mental health and cognition. Serum prolactin concentrations were measured at baseline and 12‐month follow‐up in 70% of the FHN Trial cohort to examine the associations among serum prolactin concentrations and physical, mental and cognitive function and the effects of hemodialysis frequency on serum prolactin. Findings: Among 177 Daily Trial and 60 Nocturnal Trial participants with baseline serum prolactin measurements, the median serum prolactin concentration was 65 ng/mL (25th–75th percentile 48–195 ng/mL) and 81% had serum prolactin concentrations >30 ng/mL. While serum prolactin was associated with sex (higher in women), we observed no association between baseline serum prolactin and age, dialysis vintage, and baseline measures of physical, mental and cognitive function. Furthermore, there was no significant effect of hemodialysis frequency on serum prolactin in either of the two trials. Discussion: Serum prolactin concentrations were elevated in the large majority of patients with ESRD, but were not associated with several measures of health status. Circulating prolactin levels also do not appear to decrease in response to more frequent hemodialysis over a one‐year period.     

Thyroid function in end stage renal disease and effects of frequent hemodialysis

Introduction: End‐stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with perturbations in thyroid hormone concentrations and an increased prevalence of hypothyroidism. Few studies have examined the effects of hemodialysis dose or frequency on endogenous thyroid function. Methods: Within the Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) trials, we examined the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with ESRD. Among those with endogenous thyroid function (without overt hyper/hypothyroidism or thyroid hormone supplementation), we examined the association of thyroid hormone concentration with multiple parameters of self‐reported health status, and physical and cognitive performance, and the effects of hemodialysis frequency on serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free tri‐iodothyronine (FT3) levels. Conventional thrice‐weekly hemodialysis was compared to in‐center (6 d/wk) hemodialysis (Daily Trial) and Nocturnal (6 nights/wk) home hemodialysis (Nocturnal Trial) over 12 months. Findings: Among 226 FHN Trial participants, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 11% based on thyroid hormone treatment and/or serum TSH ≥8 mIU/mL. Among the remaining 195 participants (147 Daily, 48 Nocturnal) with endogenous thyroid function, TSH concentrations were modestly (directly) correlated with age (r = 0.16, P = 0.03) but not dialysis vintage. Circulating thyroid hormone levels were not associated with parameters of health status or physical and cognitive performance. Furthermore, frequent in‐center and nocturnal hemodialysis did not significantly change (baseline to month 12) TSH, FT4, or FT3 concentrations in patients with endogenous thyroid function. Discussion: Among patients receiving hemodialysis without overt hyper/hypothyroidism or thyroid hormone treatment, thyroid indices were not associated with multiple measures of health status and were not significantly altered with increased dialysis frequency.