A 90-nm CMOS Low-Power GSM/EDGE Multimedia-Enhanced Baseband Processor With 380-MHz ARM926 Core and Mixed-Signal Extensions

To meet the widely varying speed and power requirements of multifunctional mobile devices, an appropriate combination of technology features, circuit-level low-power techniques, and system architecture is implemented in a GSM/Edge baseband processor with multimedia and mixed-signal extensions. Power reduction techniques and performance requirements are derived from an analysis of relevant use cases and applications. The 44 mm² baseband processor is fabricated in a 90-nm low-power CMOS technology with triple-well option and dual-gate oxide core devices. The ARM926 core achieves a maximum clock frequency of 380 MHz at 1.4-V supply due to the usage of thin oxide (1.6 nm) devices. Power dissipation can be adapted to the performance requirements by means of combined voltage and frequency scaling to reduce active power consumption in medium-performance mode by 68%. To reduce leakage currents during standby mode, large SRAM blocks, nFET sleep transistors, and circuit components with relaxed performance requirements are implemented using devices with 2.2-nm gate oxide thickness     

Influence of TCSC on congestion and spot price in electricity market with bilateral contract

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the effect of TCSC on congestion and spot price in deregulated electricity markets. The paper could also be considered as a comprehensive tutorial on the influence of TCSC in electricity market. A voluntary pool market, where the market participants can trade electricity either via a pool or through bilateral contracts is considered. The electricity market is modeled in an optimal power flow framework with the objective of maximizing the social welfare. In such formulation, the Lagrange operators associated with the equality constraints associated with real power balance give the spot prices of energy at each bus of the system. Studies are carried out with and without TCSC at peak and low loading conditions to capture the influence and to see the effectiveness of TCSC at different loading conditions. The paper further explores the effect of TCSC compensation level on the spot prices and the congestion under varying pool and bilateral loading conditions. A 5-bus test system is used for numerical studies and to showcase the influence of TCSC in an electricity market environment.     

A Case‐Based Reasoning system for complex medical diagnosis

A Case‐Based Reasoning (CBR) system for medical diagnosis mimics the way doctors make a diagnosis. Given a new case, its accuracy in practice depends on successful retrieval of similar cases. CBR systems have had some success in dealing with simple diseases because of the robustness of their case base. However, their diagnostic accuracy suffers when dealing with complex diseases particularly those that involve multiple domains in medicine. An example of such a condition is Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as it falls under both gynaecology and psychiatry. To address this issue, the paper proposes a CBR‐based expert system that uses the K‐nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm to search k similar cases based on the Euclidean distance measure. The novelty of the system is in the design of a flexible auto‐set tolerance (T), which serves as a threshold to extract cases for which similarities are greater than the assigned value of T. A prototype software tool with a menu‐driven Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been developed for case input, analysis of results, and case adaptation within the system. Finally, the performance of the tool has been checked on a set of real‐world PMS cases.     

Time-averaged non-linear systems: steady-state analysis†

A non-linear system with time averaging can be regarded as one composed of a time varying system with a variable parameter. A non-linear operation, such as squaring is performed on the signal of the system and followed by low pass filtering. This filtered signal controls, in turn, the variable parameter. This paper considers the steady state analysis of time averaged non-linear systems. The analysis covers both passive (with input) and oscillatory (no input) systems, In the passive case it is shown that the response is similar to that of a passive system with the poles shifted. The harmonic content and distortion are computed for both the oscillatory and passive case. An evaluation of the frequency is carried out for the oscillatory case. An interesting result is that the significant filter characteristic is the attenuation at twice the frequency.     

Strict regulation of c-Raf kinase levels is required for early organogenesis of the vertebrate inner ear

Regulation of organogenesis involves a dynamic balance of the mechanisms regulating cell division, differentiation and death. Here we have investigated the pattern of expression of c-Raf kinase in the inner ear during early developmental stages and the consequences of manipulating c-Raf levels by misexpression of c-raf viral vectors in organotypic cultures of otic vesicle explants. We found that otic vesicles expressed c-Raf and its level remained constant during embryonic days 2 and 3 (E2-E3). c-Raf activity was increased in response to insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and the activation by IGF-I of the c-Raf kinase pathway was a requirement to turn on cell proliferation in the otic vesicle. Overexpression of c-raf in E2.5 explants increased the proliferative response to low serum and IGF-I and blocked differentiation induced by retinoic acid. The increase in c-Raf levels also prevented nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent induction of programmed cell death. Consistent with these results, the expression of a dominant negative c-Raf mutant potentiated retinoic acid action and decreased the rate of cell proliferation. We conclude that a strict control of c-Raf levels is essential for the co-ordination of the biological processes that operate simultaneously during early inner ear development.     

DNS study of pulsed film cooling for enhanced cooling effectiveness

Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of a pulsed film-cooling jet is presented to examine if pulsations of the coolant jet can enhance film-cooling effectiveness. Calculations are performed for a cylindrical jet inclined at 30°. The jet pulsation is defined by the duty cycle (DC) and the Strouhal number (St), both of which are varied in this study. Baseline calculations are done for a steady blowing ratio of 1.5. Both frequency and duty cycle are observed to influence the cooling effectiveness. For a peak blowing ratio (M) of 1.5, pulsing with a St = 0.32 and DC = 0.5 is shown to reduce jet blow-off and improve centerline and spanwise-averaged effectiveness over the steady M = 1.5 case.     

Direct Numerical Simulation of pulsed jets-in-crossflow

Direct Numerical Simulations of a jet with a passive scalar injected vertically into a crossflow (velocity ratio = 6) is performed at a jet Reynolds number of 5000. The role of sinusoidal forcing of the jet on the dynamics of the flow structures, and on the jet trajectory and jet spreading is examined. Sinusoidal excitations selected are at non-dimensional frequencies of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6. For the unforced jet, shear-layer vortices on the leading edge of the jet have a preferred mode frequency of around 0.35. With forcing, the dominant frequency in the near field of the jet is the forcing frequency, but further downstream, vortex interactions/mergings lead to the growth of the subharmonic modes. For a forcing frequency of 0.2, the jet bifurcates in the vertical plane; at a forcing frequency of 0.4, the jet trifurcates into three jet-streams in the vertical plane; and, at a forcing frequency of 0.6, the jet bifurcates in the horizontal plane. The largest vertical penetration is at a forcing frequency of 0.4, while the largest horizontal spreading occurs at a non-dimensional forcing frequency of 0.6. Wake vortices, with a U-loop structure, are seen for all cases except at a forcing frequency of 0.6, where they are completely suppressed. The U-loop structure is asymmetric for the unforced and 0.2 forcing frequency case, and is consistent with the earlier experimental observations for unpulsed jets-in-crossflow. Through particle visualizations, a mechanism for the development of the wake vortices is presented in the paper. Mean statistics on isosurface contours are also presented, and asymmetry in the mean counter-rotating kidney pair vortex structures are also seen for the unforced and 0.2 forcing cases. The results of this study indicate the potential of using external forcing as a potential control strategy for controlling the jet penetration and mixing with the crossflow in either the vertical plane or the horizontal plane.     

Interface Trap Charges Analysis on DC and High Frequency Characteristics of UTBB-FDSOI FET

Silicon - In this paper, we have studied effect of localised charges on performance of UTBB FDSOI FET. Purpose behind this work is to understand the performance of UTBB FDSOI FET under the...