The potential role of unregulated autonomous bladder micromotions in urinary storage and voiding dysfunction; overactive bladder and detrusor underactivity

The isolated bladder shows autonomous micromotions, which increase with bladder distension, generate sensory nerve activity, and are altered in models of urinary dysfunction. Intravesical pressure resulting from autonomous activity putatively reflects three key variables; the extent of micromotion initiation, distances over which micromotions propagate, and overall bladder tone. In vivo, these variables are subordinate to the efferent drive of the central nervous system. In the micturition cycle storage phase, efferent inhibition keeps autonomous activity generally at a low level, where it may signal ‘state of fullness’, whilst maintaining compliance. In the voiding phase, mass efferent excitation elicits generalised contraction (global motility initiation). In lower urinary tract dysfunction, efferent control of the bladder can be impaired, for example due to peripheral ‘patchy’ denervation. In this case, loss of efferent inhibition may enable unregulated micromotility, and afferent stimulation, predisposing to urinary urgency. If denervation is relatively slight, the detrimental impact on voiding may be low, as the adjacent innervated areas may be able to initiate micromotility synchronous with the efferent nerve drive, so that even denervated areas can contribute to the voiding contraction. This would become increasingly inefficient the more severe the denervation, such that ability of triggered micromotility to propagate sufficiently to engage the denervated areas in voiding declines, so the voiding contraction increasingly develops the characteristics of underactivity. In summary, reduced peripheral coverage by the dual efferent innervation (inhibitory and excitatory) impairs regulation of micromotility initiation and propagation, potentially allowing emergence of overactive bladder and, with progression, detrusor underactivity.     

Photo-Fenton oxidative of pharmaceutical wastewater containing meropenem and ceftriaxone antibiotics: influential factors,feasibility, and biodegradability studies

Abstract

The main aim of the present research, as the first study, was coupling of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) and UV irradiation in a photo-Fenton system to degradation two antibiotics (e.g. meropenem and ceftriaxone) from aqueous solution. The tests were carried out at different experimental conditions namely solution pH, iron dosages, H₂O₂ concentrations, UV light intensities, temperatures, and initial antibiotic concentrations. The degradation rates of 99 and 96.2% were observed for respectively meropenem and ceftriaxone during 60?min treatment. Biodegradability tests illustrated that photo-Fenton system has a high performance in removing organic compounds and biodegradability enhanced remarkably after treatment.     

Venlafaxine inhibits naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal symptoms: Role of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide

Metabolic Brain Disease - Opioid-induced neuroinflammation plays a role in the development of opioid physical dependence. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in several oxidative and...