Dietary sources of animal and plant protein intake among Flemish preschool children and the association with socio-economic and lifestyle-related factors

Background

The aim of this study was to describe eating patterns in early adolescence and to determine associations between eating patterns and overweight from middle childhood (4^th grade, 9 to 10 years old) to early adolescence (7^th grade, 12 to 13 years old).

Methods

Children were recruited from primary schools in Telemark County, Norway. Dietary data were obtained by parental report using a food frequency questionnaire. Height and weight were objectively measured, and overweight was defined using international standard cut-off points. Complete data were obtained for 924 4^th grade and 691 7^th children, and 427 children provided complete data at both time points. Principal component analysis was applied to identify eating patterns. We used multiple logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for being overweight.

Results

The same four distinct eating patterns were identified at both time points. Correlation coefficients for the factor scores of corresponding eating patterns at baseline and follow up ranged from 0.44 to 0.60. In the follow-up sample, 345 children (80%) were still of normal weight, while 41 (10%) remained overweight. Children with high "dieting" pattern scores and low "varied Norwegian" pattern scores in the 7^th grade had an increased risk of being overweight. Children with stable or increased "varied Norwegian" pattern scores had a lower risk of remaining overweight over time than children with decreased scores for this pattern; adjusted OR: 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.8). This pattern included foods and meals close to current dietary guidelines, including vegetables, fruit and unrefined cereal products. We did not observe an increased risk of overweight in children with high "unhealthy" eating pattern scores, termed "snacking" or "junk/convenient" in either cross-sectional or longitudinal analyses.

Conclusions

Slight to moderate stability of eating patterns was observed. Children adhering to a "varied Norwegian" eating pattern were less likely to remain overweight than children with declining adherence to this pattern. Overweight children should be encouraged to eat regular main meals and retain a diverse diet that includes unrefined plant foods, water and fish, rather than fat- and sugar-reduced foods and drinks.     

响应面法优化鹿血肽的制备工艺

采用碱性蛋白酶水解鹿血蛋白制备鹿血肽.应用响应面分析法选取温度、时间、pH值、酶量4个主要因素,以水解率为响应值,对其工艺进行了优化.得出了鹿血蛋白水解的最佳工艺条件为:温度(53％)、时间(5.5h)、pH(9.5)、酶量(1272U·g-1),在此条件下鹿血的实际水解率为22.13％.实验证明响应面法对鹿血肽的制备...     

C60～C100高强高性能混凝土的试验研究

系统研究了C60～C100高强高性能混凝土的拌合物性能、抗压强度、早期抗裂、抗氯离子渗透、抗冻性、抗碳化性能等,依据标准进行了耐久性能等级的评定,并与C30普通混凝土进行了对比。总结了配制高强高性能混凝土的原材料要求和配制技术,揭示了高强高性能混凝土的性能特点和变化规律,为制定相关的高强高性能混凝土应用方面标准提供了技术依据。结果表明,高强高性能混凝土具有工作性能良好、抗压强度高、实验室耐久性指标优异等特点,有着巨大的推广应用价值。     

硬石膏粉刷材料的研究与开发

通过对硬石膏胶结材性能、硬石膏粉刷材料的配制原理、配比和性能的研究发现,经硫酸盐激发、矿物改性、阴离子表面活性剂助磨活化的硬石膏胶结材具有凝结硬化较快、强度较高、耐水性较好、体积稳定性好等特点.此外,添加VAE乳胶粉改善粘接性能、羟丙基甲基纤维素改善保水性能、聚丙烯纤维改善抗裂性等综合技术措施配制出的一种新型绿色粉刷材料硬石膏粉刷材料其保水性、粘接性、抗裂性明显优于水泥基粉刷材料,可克服粉刷层空鼓、开裂、掉粉等质量问题,提高了粉刷工程质量.     

圆形压力隧洞限裂配筋设计方法研究

为研究圆形压力隧洞衬砌合理的限裂设计方法,采用钢筋混凝土有限单元法对隧洞衬砌的受力特性进行分析,指出隧洞衬砌具有内力值随衬砌开裂区域增加而减小、配筋取决于裂缝宽度的限制要求而非承载力、规范中的裂缝宽度计算公式不适用等特性。通过对厚壁圆筒承载力计算公式的重新推导,指出该方法没有引入裂缝处环向钢筋应变最大值与环向钢筋在整个圆周内平均应变的比值ψ’,使得钢筋面积计算值过小。鉴于隧洞衬砌的受力特性及没有合适的ψ’计算方法,建议取消厚壁圆筒公式,而采用钢筋混凝土有限单元法进行隧洞衬砌的配筋计算。对能由有限元计算直接求得裂缝宽度的衬砌,以裂缝宽度限值要求确定钢筋用量与布置;对不能由有限元计算直接求得裂缝宽度的衬砌,以限制钢筋应力来控制裂缝宽度,即以钢筋应力限值要求确定钢筋用量与布置。最后,通过较多的算例给出隧洞衬砌的钢筋应力限值,当保护层厚度为50mm时钢筋应力限值可取120MPa,当保护层厚度为100mm时钢筋应力限值可取100MPa。     

历史文化村镇外部空间保护预警要素分析

通过对西南地区历史文化村镇的实地调研。在对村镇保护规划与破坏现状对比分析的基础上,总结历史文化村镇外部空间保护预警的基本要素,并结合历史文化村镇外部空间基本构成要素和村镇外部空间的成因,确定构成历史文化村镇外部空间保护预警的要素体系,为保护预警体系的建立提供理论依据。     

Synthesis and performance of microporous inorganic membranes for CO2 separation: a review

Removal of CO₂ by membrane technologies is one promising approach as compared to other CO₂ capture technologies due to advantages such as simpler operation, higher reliability, lower capital and operating cost, higher energy efficiency, and a cleaner process. In the field of CO₂ gas separation, inorganic membranes have been attracting a lot of attention. Three classes of microporous membrane family, i.e. microporous silica membranes, microporous carbon membranes and zeolite membranes, have been widely studied due to their potential in separating CO₂ gas molecules, contributed by their distribution of selective micropores which are almost identical to the required molecular sizes for diffusing CO₂ gas. This paper review various methods to fabricate the above three types of microporous membranes, at the same time, looking at other researchers employing these methods to fabricate microporous membranes for CO₂ separation.     

The Protective Effect of Bcl-xl Overexpression against Oxidative Stress-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Injury and the Role of the Akt/eNOS Pathway

Restenosis after intraluminal or open vascular reconstruction remains an important clinical problem. Vascular endothelial cell (EC) injury induced by oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of intimal hyperplasia. In this study, we sought to evaluate the protective effects of Bcl-xl overexpression in vitro on oxidative stress-induced EC injury and the role of the Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 0.5 mM) were used as the experimental oxidative stress model. The Bcl-xl gene was transferred into HUVECs through recombinant adenovirus vector pAdxsi-GFP-Bcl-xl before oxidative treatment. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V/propidium iodide and Hoechst staining, caspase-7 and PARP cleavage. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 assay, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunocytochemical detection and the scratching assay. Expressions of Akt, phospho-Akt and eNOS were detected by Western blotting. Our results showed that H₂O₂ induced apoptosis and decreased the cell viability of HUVECs. Bcl-xl overexpression significantly protected cells from H₂O₂-induced cell damage and apoptosis and maintained the cell function. Furthermore, the level of phospho-Akt and eNOS protein expression was significantly elevated when pretreated with Bcl-xl gene transferring. These findings suggest that Bcl-xl overexpression exerts an anti-apoptotic and protective effect on EC function. The Akt/eNOS signaling pathway is probably involved in these processes.     

The Changes in mGluR2 and mGluR7 Expression in Rat Medial Vestibular Nucleus and Flocculus Following Unilateral Labyrinthectomy

It is known that the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and the cerebellar flocculus are the key areas, which contribute to the behavioral recovery (“vestibular compensation”) after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). In these areas, how the genetic activities of the metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR7 performance after UL is unknown. With the means of quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the expression of mGluR2 and mGluR7 in the bilateral MVN and the flocculus of rats in different stages after UL (the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day). Our results show that in the MVN, the mRNA, and protein expressions of mGluR7 were ipsilaterally decreased at the 1st day following UL. However, in the MVN, no change was observed in the mRNA and protein expressions of mGluR2. On the other hand, the mRNA and protein expression of mGluR2 were enhanced in the ipsilateral flocculus at the 1st day following UL, while in the flocculus no change was shown in mGluR7 mRNA and protein expressions. Our results suggest that mGluR2 and mGluR7 may contribute to the early rebalancing of spontaneous resting activity in the MVN.     

Effect of LiH on hydrogen storage property of MgH2

Recent works showed that the addition of LiBH₄ significantly improves the sorption kinetics of MgH₂, and LiH decomposed from LiBH₄ was supposed to play the catalytic effect on MgH₂. In order to clarify this mechanism, the effect of LiH on the hydriding/dehydriding kinetics and thermodynamics of MgH₂ was systematically investigated. The hydrogenation kinetics of LiH-doped samples, as well as the morphology after several cycles, was similar to those of pure MgH₂, which indicate that Li⁺ had no catalytic effect on the hydrogenation of Mg. Moreover, the addition of LiH strongly retarded the hydrogen desorption of MgH₂ doped with/without Nb₂O₅, and resulted in higher starting temperature of desorption, larger activation energy and larger pressure hysteresis of PCI curves of MgH₂. H₂, HD and D₂ were observed in the desorption products of MgH₂-2LiD, which confirms that H–H exchange indeed occurs between MgH₂ and LiH, hence deteriorate desorption kinetics/thermodynamics of MgH_2. The results implied that the additives containing H⁻ could retard the hydrogen desorption of MgH₂ by H–H exchange effect.