Decolourisation of aqueous dyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fenton's reagent

Combined oxidation with ozone and Fenton's reagent (‘Fentozone’ process) for decolourisation of aqueous dyes was studied and compared with traditional Fenton's reagent. Although the ‘Fentozone’ process was found to be effective at a wide range of pH values, the maximum colour removal was achieved at pH 4. The effect of pre‐ozonation on colour removal efficiency of aqueous dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent was investigated. The reaction kinetics using water‐soluble acid and reactive dyes were also studied. Our experimental results show that pre‐ozonation can considerably accelerate decomposition of dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent. Different concentrations of ferrous sulfate were used to investigate their influences on the removal of colour. The rate of reaction increased with increasing doses of ferrous sulfate. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Buoyancy effects on gaseous slip flow in a vertical rectangular microchannel

Consideration is given to the buoyancy effects on the fully developed gaseous slip flow in a vertical rectangular microduct. Two different cases of the thermal boundary conditions are considered, namely uniform temperature at two facing duct walls with different temperatures and adiabatic other walls (case A) and uniform heat flux at two walls and uniform temperature at other walls (case B). The rarefaction effects are treated using the first-order slip boundary conditions. By means of finite Fourier transform method, analytical solutions are obtained for the velocity and temperature distributions as well as the Poiseuille number. Furthermore, the threshold value of the mixed convection parameter to start the flow reversal is evaluated. The results show that the Poiseuille number of case A is an increasing function of the mixed convection parameter and a decreasing function of the channel aspect ratio, whereas its functionality on the Knudsen number is not monotonic. For case B, the Poiseuille number is decreased by increasing each of the mixed convection parameter, the Knudsen number, and the channel aspect ratio.     

A model for the adsorption of single metal ion solutes in aqueous solution onto activated carbon produced from pecan shells

Adsorption isotherms for activated carbon made from pecan shells have been obtained at 25 °C and an approximate pH of 3 for a number of metal ion solutes. It was found that the Slips and Freundlich equations were satisfactory for explaining the experimental data. The correlation of metal ion adsorption with the solute parameters of metal ion electronegativity and first stability constant of the metal hydroxide was investigated. In the case of most of the metal ions studied, higher electronegativities and stability constants corresponded to the higher adsorption levels of metal ions onto the activated carbon. A correlation was developed that predicts the constants of the Freundlich equation from the selected parameters of the metal ions, and thus can predict the adsorption isotherms at constant pH. The developed correlation gives results with acceptable deviations from experimental data. A procedure is proposed for obtaining similar correlations for different conditions (temperature, pH, carbon type and dosage). The ratio of equivalent metal ions adsorbed to protons released is calculated for the studied metal ions over a range of concentrations. In most cases, particularly at low concentrations, this ratio is close to one, confirming that ion exchange of one proton with one equivalent metal ion is the dominant reaction mechanism.     

Brain tumor classification using deep convolutional autoencoder-based neural network: multi-task approach

Diagnosis, detection and classification of tumors, in the brain MRI images, are important because misdiagnosis can lead to death. This paper proposes a method that can diagnose brain tumors in the MRI images and classify them into 5 categories using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The proposed network uses a Convolutional Auto-Encoder Neural Network (CANN) to extract and learn deep features of input images. Extracted deep features from each level are combined to make desirable features and improve results. To classify brain tumor into three categories (Meningioma, Glioma, and Pituitary) the proposed method was applied on Cheng dataset and has reached a considerable performance accuracy of 99.3%. To diagnosis and grading Glioma tumors, the proposed method was applied on IXI and BraTS 2017 datasets, and to classify brain images into six classes including Meningioma, Pituitary, Astrocytoma, High-Grade Glioma, Low-Grade Glioma and Normal images (No tumor), the all datasets including IXI, BraTS2017, Cheng and Hazrat-e-Rassol, was used by the proposed network, and it has reached desirable performance accuracy of 99.1% and 98.5%, respectively.

     

Efficient computation of high-order Meixner moments for large-size signals and images analysis

In this paper, we present an in-depth study on the computational aspects of high-order discrete orthogonal Meixner polynomials (MPs) and Meixner moments (MMs). This study highlights two major problems related to the computation of MPs. The first problem is the overflow and the underflow of MPs values (“Nan” and “infinity”). To overcome this problem, we propose two new recursive Algorithms for MPs computation with respect to the polynomial order n and with respect to the variable x. These Algorithms are independent of all functions that are the origin the numerical overflow and underflow problem. The second problem is the propagation of rounding errors that lead to the loss of the orthogonality property of high-order MPs. To fix this problem, we implement MPs based on the following orthogonalization methods: modified Gram-Schmidt process (MGS), Householder method, and Givens rotation method. The proposed Algorithms for the stable computation of MPs are efficiently applied for the reconstruction and localization of the region of interest (ROI) of large-sized 1D signals and 2D/3D images. We also propose a new fast method for the reconstruction of large-size 1D signal. This method involves the conversion of 1D signal into 2D matrix, then the reconstruction is performed in the 2D domain, and a 2D to 1D conversion is performed to recover the reconstructed 1D signal. The results of the performed simulations and comparisons clearly justify the efficiency of the proposed Algorithms for the stable analysis of large-size signals and 2D/3D images.

     

Sediment flux from Lesser Zab River in Dokan Reservoir: Implications for the sustainability of long‐term water resources in Iraq

Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t?km^?3?year.     

Characterization of minocycline loaded chitosan/polyethylene glycol/glycerol blend films as antibacterial wound dressings

Wound care has been a challenging subject for medical teams and researchers. Bacterial infections are one of the most serious complications in injured skins that often affect healing process. Antibacterial wound dressings can be used to facilitate wound healing process. The purpose of this study is to fabricate chitosan (Chito)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibacterial wound dressing doped with minocycline, and to evaluate the influence of composition ratio on the blending properties of the films. To improve the mechanical properties of these films, we examined various amounts of glycerol as a plasticizer. Moreover, we investigated morphological and mechanical aspects, water uptake, degradation, water vapor transmission and wettability properties of the films prepared with various ratios of Chito/PEG/Gly. Assessment of mechanical properties revealed that film containing 80:20 ratio Chito/PEG with 40 PHR Gly content exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break (9.74 MPa and 45.73% respectively). Furthermore, results demonstrated that upon increasing PEG and Gly contents, degradability and hydrophilicity of the films increased whereas water uptake decreased. Water vapor transmission rate of the films was close to the range of 530–1200 g/m²d, indicating that the as formed films are possible candidates for dressing low exudate wounds or burns. Minocycline loaded films exhibited a biphasic drug release profile and it was more effective on gram-positive bacteria than on gram-negative bacteria. The polymeric film with the highest amount of loaded drug (2%) exhibited insignificant cytotoxicity (88%) against normal fibroblast cell line.     

Friction aided deep drawing using newly developed blank-holder divided into eight segments

A new process on friction aided deep drawing has been developed in which a metal blank-holder divided into eight fan-shaped segments is used instead of an elastomer ring used in the Maslennikov process. This blank holding device consists of four drawing segments and four small wedges, which can move radially in- and out-wards under a certain blank-holding pressure. The drawing process can be efficiently performed using an assistant punch, which partially supports the deformation of the blank as well as improving the shape and dimensional accuracy of the drawn cup. Deep drawing experiments have been done using soft aluminum sheets of 0.5 and 1.0 mm in thickness to understand the main features of the proposed drawing process. Theoretical analyses based on the energy and slab methods have also been conducted to study the effect of main process parameters on the minimum blank holding pressure required for the onset of deformation, and to obtain the other optimum working conditions. The possibility of the new process has been confirmed by producing deep and successful cups with a drawing ratio of 4.0, although the number of drawing operations is still high.     

Infrared thermography for inspecting the adhesion integrity of plastic welded joints

This work aim at developing a non-destructive tool for the evaluation of bonded plastic joints. The paper examines infrared thermographic transmission and reflection mode imaging and validates the feasibility of the thermal NDT approach for this application. Results demonstrate good estimation performance for adhesion integrity, uniformity and bond strength using a transmission mode application of infrared thermography. In addition, results from a pulsed infrared thermographic application using a modified dynamic infrared tomography scheme show good performance for estimating adhesion layer thickness mapping and detecting delaminations.