Genetic relationships and additive genetic variation of productive and reproductive traits in Guernsey dairy cattle

Data were first lactation production and reproduction records initiated from 1958 to 1981 in two experiment station Guernsey herds. Heritability estimates using paternal half sib groups were .24 +/- .12 for milk yield, .27 +/- .12 for fat yield, and .77 +/- .15 for fat percentage. Heritability estimates for reproductive traits ranged from .01 to .04 for number of services, service period, conception rate, and days open, but were higher for days in milk at first breeding (.12) and age at first calving (.13). Except for age at first calving, coefficients of additive genetic variation were larger for reproductive traits than for productive traits. Genetic correlations between measures of production and reproduction were moderate to large and antagonistic, except that the relationship between production and age at first calving was favorable. Breeding value estimates for milk yield and reproduction were negatively correlated for sires with above average breeding values for milk yield. Huge phenotypic variances for reproductive traits masked substantial additive genetic variation for these traits. When all things are considered it seems unwise to ignore reproductive performance in selection programs for dairy cattle.     

Reducing intergroup bias: Elements of intergroup cooperation.

The authors examined the potentially separable contributions of 2 elements of intergroup cooperation, interaction and common fate, and the processes through which they can operate. The manipulation of interaction reduced bias in evaluative ratings, which supports the idea that these components are separable, whereas the manipulation of common fate when the groups were interacting was associated with lower bias in nonverbal facial reactions in response to contributions by in-group and out-group members. Whereas interaction activated several processes that can lead to reduced bias, including decategorization, consistent with the common in-group identity model (S. L. Gaertner, I F. Dovidio, P. A. Anastasio, B. A. Bachman, & M. C. Rust, 1993) as well as M. Hewstone and R. J. Brown's (1986) group differentiation model, the primary set of mediators involved participants' representations of the memberships as 2 subgroups within a superordinate entity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vergleich genormter Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Wirkungsgrades von Induktionsmaschinen

Übersicht Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der meßtechnischen Bestimmung des Wirkungsgrades von Induktionsmotoren mit Käfigläufer mit dem Einzelver-lustverfahren nach IEC 60034-2 und der Methode B nach IEEE 112. Für beide Verfahren werden die Verlustanteile und deren Ermittlung diskutiert und dabei insbesondere die Unterschiede in der Berechnung der lastabhängigen Zusatzverluste aufgezeigt. Die Arbeit stützt sich auf Messungen an Käfigläufermotoren unterschiedlicher Leistung.

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Determination of the efficiency of induction machines by different standardized methods

Contents This paper deals with the determination of the efficiency of squirrel-cage induction motors by both the loss-summation method of IEC 60034-2 and method B of IEEE 112. The proceedings according to both standardizations are described and compared, especially those parts regarding the determination of stray-load losses. The discussion is based on measurement results taken of squirrel-cage motors in a relatively wide range of rated output.

     

Mathematical Modeling of Encapsulated Buffer Performance in Sand Columns

A one-dimensional mathematical model was developed to simulate pH control using an encapsulated phosphate buffer during denitrification in a sand column. The parameters required for the model were obtained from direct physical measurement, from a tracer study to characterize the dispersion coefficient in the column, and from batch experiments designed to obtain an empirical expression describing the variation of the first-order rate constant for the encapsulated buffer core release with pH. First-order kinetic constants describing the rates of denitrification and ethanol biodegradation were obtained by fitting the model to column runs without the encapsulated buffer. With these parameters, the model was subsequently used to predict the performance of column runs containing the encapsulated buffer. Since denitrification was essentially complete in the sand columns, an increase in the effluent pH was observed. This pH increase was counteracted by the controlled release of the acidic core of the encapsulated buffers added in the columns. The model reasonably predicted the release of the encapsulated buffer core and the performance of the encapsulated buffer for controlling pH in the column.     

Use of Carbon Monoxide Packaging for Improving the Shelf Life of Pork

ABSTRACT: Effects of carbon monoxide in modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP-CO) for pork were investigated. Eighty pork loins (40 injected, 40 uninjected) were used to evaluate color, microbial growth, rancidity, purge, and sensory quality of pork chops in 4 packaging environments (aerobic-overwrap, vacuum, MAP without CO, and MAP-CO). Treatments were evaluated during 36 d of refrigerated storage. Overall Hunter a values were significantly ( P < 0.001) greater in MAP-CO (11.25) than aerobic (6.93) packages. Sensory color values (100 point scale) were also greater for chops in MAP-CO (85.91) than aerobic (62.47) packages. However, MAP-CO did not reduce purge loss. Results showed that CO significantly improved color stability and sensory panel scores for both injected and noninjected pork chops.     

Wide-area fuzzy logic control of voltage/VAr under simulated onlineconditions

This work describes the development of a fuzzy logic tool capable of controlling system voltages and VAr resources, as well as processing alarms related to voltage stability. The fuzzy controller monitors voltages and VAr resources and generates appropriate control signals to each VAr source to maintain acceptable system voltage levels. The fuzzy alarm processor generates an individual alarm for each voltage region, and a general alarm signal that indicates the overall system condition. A prototype fuzzy controller/processor has been interfaced with power system simulation software to test its performance under simulated on-line conditions     

信息技术的下一个浪潮

多年来我一直关注和期待着厂商宣布磁盘存储退出。最近,这件事终于发生了。做出这一个大胆声明的厂商是Sun公司,具体讲是Sun公司的CEO和总裁Jonathan Schwartz。     

Stability of the contractile assembly and Ca2+-activated tension in adenovirus infected adult cardiac myocytes

Rats were given suction lesions of the presumptive frontal cortex on embryonic day 18 (E18) and subsequently tested, as adults, on tests of spatial navigation (Morris water task, radial arm maze), motor tasks (Whishaw reaching task, beam walking), and locomotor activity. Frontal cortical lesions at E18 affected cerebral morphogenesis, producing unusual morphological structures including abnormal patches of neurons in the cortex and white matter as well as neuronal bridges between the hemispheres. A small sample of E18 operates also had hydrocephaly. The animals with E18 lesions without hydrocephalus were behaviorally indistinguishable from littermate controls. The results demonstrate that animals with focal lesions of the presumptive frontal cortex have gross abnormalities in cerebral morphology but the lesions leave the functions normally subserved by the frontal cortex in adult rats unaffected. The results are discussed in the context of a hypothesis regarding the optimal times for functional recovery from cortical injury.     

Finite element limit load analysis of thin-walled structures by ANSYS (implicit), LS-DYNA (explicit) and in combination

After discussing general properties of implicit FE analysis using ANSYS and explicit analysis using LS-DYNA it is shown when and how quasi-static limit load analyses can be performed by a transient analysis using explicit time integration. Then we focus on the remaining benefits of implicit analysis and how a proper combination of ANSYS and LS-DYNA can be used to prepare the transient analysis by common preprocessing and static analysis steps. Aspects of discretization, solution control, consideration of imperfections and methods of checking the results are outlined.