半柔性复合路面在重交通长大纵坡路段的应用

重点阐述半柔性复合路面技术在国道丹霍线(G304)本溪段重载长大纵坡试验路段的应用,对原路路况及改造方案、配合比设计、人员与设备要求、工程实施工艺等方面进行分析。     

纺织品禁用偶氮染料测定不确定度评估

介绍了不确定度的含义、检测禁用偶氮染料的方法及其测定不确定度的数学模型,阐述了此不确定度的来源,包括样品质量引入的不确定度、定容体积引入的不确定度、标准溶液引入的不确定度、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)定量的误差引入的不确定度以及测试过程随机效应导致的不确定度;并对上述不确定度逐一进行了计算。结论显示,使用黑色棉布作为实验对象,联苯胺检测出的平均值在20.2 mg/kg条件下,合成不确定度为1.74 mg/kg,扩展不确定度为3.48 mg/kg,其中,随机效应引入的不确定度贡献最大为0.069 3 mg/kg。     

Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

ABSTRACT

Energetic materials are often disposed by open-burning or open-detonation as it is a cost-effective and efficient means of destroying explosive material, and often minimizes the need to transport hazardous explosives to treatment facilities. This practice is often scrutinized for the negative environmental impact of the odorous and unsightly toxic gaseous emissions as well as the resulting deposition residues, which often contain unburned energetic materials. With the increasing use of Insensitive High Explosive compositions in munitions, it is essential that the potential environmental impact of their disposal is assessed before their extensive use to prevent the kind of contamination incidents experienced with legacy explosives. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a controlled laboratory experiment to identify the gaseous emissions and the energetic material residues that are generated through the combustion of the IHE components 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). A sealed vial containing small (mg) quantities of energetic material was heated until the energetic material combusted. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to calculate the oxygen consumption and to identify the gases that were generated. The solid residues were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify unburned energetic material. Results showed that DNAN was the most resistant to burning, thus leaving significant quantities of unreacted starting material in the vial. An interesting observation for the IHE formulation was that DNAN also inhibited the combustion of NTO and RDX. The gases emitted during the open burning of IHE components and mixtures included CO, CO₂, and N₂O as expected, but the proportions differed when the components and mixture were compared, reflecting the influence of DNAN on the burning behavior. From our data, we concluded that open-burning DNAN-based formulations is an environmentally unfavorable waste-management practice for the disposal of IHEs mainly due to generation of solid residues as well as unburnt DNAN.     

羟甲基化木质素/纤维素气凝胶粒子的制备、表征及吸附性能

以羟甲基化木质素和纤维素为原料，NaOH/尿素水溶液为溶解体系，采用冷冻干燥法制备羟甲基化木质素/纤维素气凝胶粒子。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）仪、X射线衍射（XRD）仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪等对其结构进行了表征。研究结果表明：羟甲基化木质素分子通过氢键作用附着在纤维素骨架上，气凝胶内部仍保持三维网状结构，羟甲基化木质素的引入使得气凝胶表面出现明显收缩，网状结构的致密度随着羟甲基化木质素用量提高而逐渐降低；同时气凝胶粒子具有纤维素Ⅱ型红外吸收峰和XRD衍射峰；粒子表现出Ⅱ型吸附/脱附等温线，孔径均在15 nm以下，且随着羟甲基化木质素用量不断提高，比表面积、孔容均有所减小，HKL-4的比表面积为105.3m²/g，孔容为0.336 6cm³/g，孔径为13.67nm。吸附性能分析表明在25℃下吸附5 h，HKL-4气凝胶粒子对金胺O、亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B的吸附量分别为33.06、96.06和43.26mg/g，对亚甲基蓝的饱和吸附量可达208.7 mg/g，吸附过程更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型，主要为单分子层吸附。     

State of charge estimation method based on the extended Kalman filter algorithm with consideration of time-varying battery parameters

In developing battery management systems, estimating state-of-charge (SOC) is important yet challenging. Compared with traditional SOC estimation methods (eg, the ampere-hour integration method), extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm does not depend on the initial value of SOC and has no accumulated error, which is suitable for the actual working condition of electric vehicles. EKF is a model-based algorithm; the accuracy of SOC estimated by this algorithm was greatly influenced by the accuracy of battery model and model parameters. The parameters of battery change with many factors and exhibit strong nonlinearity and time variance. Typical EKF algorithm approximates battery as a linear, time-invariant system; however, this approach introduces estimation errors. To minimize such errors, previous studies have focused on improving the accuracy of identifying battery parameters. Although studies on battery model with time-varying parameters have been carried out, few have studied the combination of time-varying battery parameters and EKF algorithm. A SOC estimation method that combines time-varying battery parameters with EKF algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy of SOC estimation. Battery parameter data were obtained experimentally under different temperatures, SOC levels, and discharge rates. The results of parameter identification are made into a data table, and the battery parameters in the EKF system matrix are updated by looking up the data in the table. Simulation and experimental results shown that, average error of SOC estimated by the proposed algorithm is 2.39% under 0.9 C constant current discharge and 2.4% under 1.3 C, which is 1.91% and 2.35% lower than that of EKF algorithm with fixed battery parameters. Under intermittent discharge with constant current (1.1 C) and capacity (10%), the average error of SOC estimated by the proposed algorithm is 1.4%, which is 0.3% lower than that of EKF algorithm with fixed battery parameters. The average error of SOC estimated by the proposed algorithm under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is 1.6%, which is 0.2% lower than that of EKF algorithm with fixed battery parameters. Relative to the EKF algorithm with fixed battery parameters, the proposed EFK algorithm with time-varying battery parameters yields higher accuracy.     

Melt processing of ethylene–vinyl acetate/banana starch/Cloisite 20A organoclay nanocomposite films: structural,thermal and composting behavior

This work shows the preparation of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/banana starch/Cloisite 20A organoclay (EVA/starch/C20A) nanocomposites by melt processing. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the obtained nanocomposites. Mechanical properties were also determined. In addition, the performance of the nanocomposite films under composting was preliminarily studied; it was conducted using the soil burial test method. Despite knowing that the starch is difficult to process by extrusion, nanocomposite films with high homogeneity were obtained. In this case, C20A organoclay acts as an effective surfactant to make the starch natural polymer compatible with the EVA synthetic polymer. The good compatibility between EVA, starch and C20A clay was also deduced by the formation of intercalated and intercalated-exfoliated structures determined by WAXD and FE-SEM. Physical evidence of the damage in EVA/starch/C20A nanocomposite films after the composting test was observed. It is worth noting that despite the absence of starch, the EVA/C20A nanocomposite film, used as a control, also showed surface damage. This behavior is related to the organic modifier linked to clay C20A, which contains molecules derived from fatty acids that can be used as a food source for microorganisms.

     

基于ISIGHT的安全气囊盖板结构优化设计方法研究

选取某款弱化沟槽呈“H”形的聚碳酸酯/丙烯腈?丁二烯?苯乙烯共聚物(PC/ABS)合金材质安全气囊盖板为研究对象，并构建了其有限元仿真模型，对比有限元力学仿真分析结果与理论计算值验证了该有限元仿真模型的可靠性；通过ISIGHT软件集成Catia和ANSYS，选取安全气囊盖板弱化沟槽的横向长度、深度，纵向长度、深度4个参数作为设计变量，选取弱化沟槽横向最大应力与纵向最大应力作为响应变量，分析了设计变量对响应变量的贡献度分布特征并采用NSGA遗传算法对响应变量多目标优化。结果表明,横向长度、纵向深度对横向最大应力为负贡献度，横向深度、纵向长度为正贡献度；横向深度、纵向长度对纵向最大应力为负贡献度，横向长度、纵向深度为正贡献度；在合理范围内，4个参数值的优化设计，实现了横向最大应力提高和纵向最大应力降低的多目标优化，有效减少了安全气囊盖板爆破时产生的碎屑量，提升了产品的安全性能。     

Highly efficient preparation of free all-trans-astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis extract by a rapid biocatalytic method based on crude extracellular enzyme extract

A highly efficient, rapid, green and safe procedure for the preparation of free all-trans-astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract, by a crude extracellular enzyme extract, was reported. The free all-trans-astaxanthin obtained by the biocatalysed method had fewer side products compared to the saponification procedure. Through single-factor experiments and a Box–Behnken design, it was possible to find the optimal biocatalytic conditions for the hydrolysis of 2 mg of H. pluvialis oil with 14.7 mg (protein content) of lyophilised crude extracellular enzyme extract obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reaction was carried out in 30 min at pH 9.16 and 36 °C, in 5.5 mL total reaction volume, under nitrogen atmosphere and dark conditions. The hydrolysis ratio of the astaxanthin esters was 98.72%, and the production of free all-trans-astaxanthin was 82.83 μg per mg of H. pluvialis oil. The method herein reported was simpler than other enzymatic methods previously described and allowed saving of time and costs.