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71.
Bacterial-based additives for the production of artificial snow: What are the risks to human health?
Arnaud Lagriffoul Rafik Absi Jean-Marc Berjeaud Edmond E. Creppy Jean-Pierre Gadonna Cindy E. Morris 《The Science of the total environment》2010,408(7):1659-1666
For around two decades, artificial snow has been used by numerous winter sports resorts to ensure good snow cover at low altitude areas or more generally, to lengthen the skiing season. Biological additives derived from certain bacteria are regularly used to make artificial snow. However, the use of these additives has raised doubts concerning the potential impact on human health and the environment. In this context, the French health authorities have requested the French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Afsset) to assess the health risks resulting from the use of such additives. The health risk assessment was based on a review of the scientific literature, supplemented by professional consultations and expertise. Biological or chemical hazards from additives derived from the ice nucleation active bacterium Pseudomonas syringae were characterised. Potential health hazards to humans were considered in terms of infectious, toxic and allergenic capacities with respect to human populations liable to be exposed and the means of possible exposure. Taking into account these data, a qualitative risk assessment was carried out, according to four exposure scenarios, involving the different populations exposed, and the conditions and routes of exposure. It was concluded that certain health risks can exist for specific categories of professional workers (mainly snowmakers during additive mixing and dilution tank cleaning steps, with risks estimated to be negligible to low if workers comply with safety precautions). P. syringae does not present any pathogenic capacity to humans and that the level of its endotoxins found in artificial snow do not represent a danger beyond that of exposure to P. syringae endotoxins naturally present in snow. However, the risk of possible allergy in some particularly sensitive individuals cannot be excluded. Another important conclusion of this study concerns use of poor microbiological water quality to make artificial snow. 相似文献
72.
The effect of increasing primary amine hydrocarbon chain length on the SCR of NOx from diesel engine exhaust was investigated and compared to ammonia. Methylamine (CH3NH2), ethylamine (CH3CH2NH2), propylamine (CH3CH2CH2NH2) and butylamine (CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2) were tested using a 12 cell mini core NH3 - SCR catalyst cut from a 400 cpsi block. There is a steady decrease in NOx conversion as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases (from 50% for methylamine to 26% for butylamine). For the same number of carbons in the amine, primary amines are more active reductants than methyl substituted secondary or tertiary amines. For example, ethylamine (NOx conversion of 45%) is more active than dimethylamine (NOx conversion of 34%).Since the amines are reactive in the gas phase in the temperature range of diesel engine exhaust, gas phase conversions were estimated by replacing the mini core SCR catalyst with an equivalent length of quartz beads. There was no smooth transition in gas phase NO and NOx conversions with increasing hydrocarbon chain length. The results suggest a different mechanism for gas phase reactions depending on the nature of the amine. 相似文献
73.
In-situ fabrication of polyacrylate-silver nanocomposite through photoinduced tandem reactions involving eosin dye 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A silver-acrylate nanocomposite was prepared using a novel one-pot strategy involving eosin dye as visible sensitizer and an amine derivative as radicals' source. The mechanism highlighted by steady state photolysis and time-resolved absorption spectroscopy lies on the initial formation of a strong ion-pair complex between eosin and Ag+. Upon visible irradiation, the excited triplet state of the metal complex efficiently abstracts a hydrogen atom from the amine and produces an α-aminoalkyl radical. In acrylate monomer matrix, such a strong reactive species initiates a free radical photopolymerization and also provides the reduction of the silver cation. Through this ‘in-situ’ fabrication method, the kinetics formation of the nanocomposite and its detailed structural analysis are characterized by UV-visible, real-time FTIR absorption spectroscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. 相似文献
74.
Vincent Bessou David Rouzineau Michel Prévost François Abbé Charles Dumont Jean-Pierre Maumus Michel Meyer 《Chemical engineering science》2010,65(16):4855-4865
A new structured packing using carbon fibres, called Sepcarb® 4D, is presented. This packing has several attractive properties, such as high voidage (ε=94%) and high effective area (a=420 m2 m?3). These properties are advantageous for packing used as a gas–liquid contactor for separation units. To determine the internal characteristics of this packing, we performed several experiments using a 150-mm-internal-diameter column. Firstly, hydrodynamics experiments were conducted using an air–water counter current flow to determine the pressure drop (for both dry and wet packing) and flooding point. Secondly, the mass transfer efficiency was determined in terms of HETP (height equivalent to theoretical plate) by total reflux experiments with an n-heptane/cyclohexane mixture at atmospheric pressure. Hydrodynamic performance and mass transfer efficiency were compared with those of packings generally used in distillation and absorption. 相似文献
75.
Yves Nicolas Marcel Paques Dirk van den Ende Jan K. G. Dhont Rob C. van Polanen Alexandra Knaebel Alain Steyer Jean-Pierre Munch Theo B. J. Blijdenstein George A. van Aken 《Food Hydrocolloids》2003,17(6):907
Three configurations have been developed to improve the understanding of structural element interactions in food material during deformation. The three configurations combine an inverted confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) and a cell that can apply to the sample a specific deformation: continuous shear, linear oscillatory shear and biaxial extension (compression).In the continuous shear and oscillatory shear configurations (OSCs), a zero-velocity plane is created in the sample by moving two plates in opposite direction, maintaining stable observation conditions of the structural behaviour under deformation. The OSC allows simultaneous application of CSLM and diffusing wave spectroscopy, a multiple light scattering technique. The third configuration (compression configuration) allows observation at a stagnation point during rheometric measurements. The configurations accept semi-liquid products (dressing, sauces, dairy products, etc.) for investigations in area such as aggregation, gelation, interactions at interface, coalescence, break-up. 相似文献
76.
77.
Maryse Demuynck Jean-Pierre Erauw Omer Van der Biest Francis Delannay Francis Cambier 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2012,32(9):1957-1964
In this study, the densification of alumina by spark plasma sintering (SPS) was investigated and compared to conventional hot pressing. It was shown that SPS is very effective in the sintering of alumina leading to higher densities and allows to work at lower temperatures and with shorter sintering cycles. The effect of the heating rate is dependent on the heating mode (SPS or HP). The identification of active sintering mechanisms was attempted by an isothermal and an anisothermal methods, showing that other mechanisms probably related to electrical effects enhance the densification. We suggest the higher contribution of surface diffusion mainly during the initial stage of sintering and an influence of the presence of impurities segregated at the grain boundaries. They could create conductive layers and also introduce ions with a lower valence than Al3+; defects are created in the surface layers and the diffusion of the species is increased. 相似文献
78.
Chrystelle Le Danvic Gaelle Guiraudie-Capraz Djamel Abderrahmani Jean-Pierre Zanetta Patricia Nagnan-Le Meillour 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(7):741-751
Knowledge of endogenous ligands of olfactory binding proteins is a prerequisite for studying their role in odor and pheromone
transduction. Here, we report the extraction, derivatization, and characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
of the natural ligands of pig, Sus scrofa (L.), Von Ebner’s Gland protein (VEG) and odorant binding protein (OBP). We identified two isoforms (VEG1 and VEG2), which
differed only by the linkage of an O-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNac) group on VEG1. The natural ligands of VEG1 were characterized as two isomers of testosterone, whereas ligands of
VEG2 and OBP were fatty acids or their derivatives. Our findings suggest that the binding specificity of VEG1 for steroids
is governed by the presence of an O-GlcNac moiety on the protein. This specificity was confirmed by the binding of radiolabeled testosterone only by VEG1 in
an in-gel binding assay. This is the first evidence for a post-translational modification in the process of odorant discrimination
by olfactory binding proteins. 相似文献
79.
80.
Magaly Caillon-Caravanier Jennifer Jones Frédéric Montigny Jean-Pierre David Daniel Lemordant 《Journal of power sources》2010,195(2):614-620
Lithium-ion batteries for space applications, such as satellites, are subjected to cosmic radiations, in particular, γ-irradiation. In this study, the effects of this radiation on electrolytes and their components used in the lithium-ion batteries are investigated. The conductivity and viscosity of the samples have been measured before and after the irradiation. The modifications are evaluated by spectral analyses such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR), solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The experimental results show that only the samples containing vinylene carbonate and/or the lithium salt LiPF6 are degraded by γ-radiation. 相似文献