Crystallinity and lateral crystallite size of different UHMW PE materials

Nascent high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene (PE) samples of different origins show a rather high crystallinity of about 70–75% and contain both a major portion of orthorhombic extended chain crystallites and a minor portion of triclinic crystallites. The triclinic content is greater the higher the molecular weight of the sample and the higher the activity of the used catalyser. A melting / recooling treatment results in a reduction of crystallinity by about 15–25% and disappearance of the triclinic phase. Further, an irreversible conversion of nascent orthorhombic extended chain crystallites to orthorhombic folded chain crystallites of increased lateral dimensions and crystalline perfections takes place during the melting / recooling treatment. The results are compared to those obtained for lower-molecular-weight PE samples and for high-strength / modulus PE fibers of different origins.     

Modified Imidazoles: Degradation Inhibitors and Adhesion Promoters for Polyimide Films on Copper Substrates

Polyimide films on copper substrates that are exposed to elevated temperatures and an oxidizing environment will be subject to degradation. In order to halt this degradation without changing the properties of the system, a polymeric agent could be placed between the polyimide and the copper. This paper will investigate three such materials that will not only slow down the degradation of the polyimide and the oxidation of the copper, but will also improve adhesion within the system. Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RAS) will be used to investigate the polyimide/polymeric agent/copper system.     

Current density limitation and diffusion boundary layer calculation using CFD method

The knowledge of limiting current density and thickness of diffusion boundary layer is particularly important in improving space-time-yield of electrolysis and especially of high current-density electrolysis. Both natural and forced convection of electrolyte flow are considered in the presented computational fluid dynamics model for calculation of these values. Natural convection is modeled by implementation of a source term at the cathode surface for copper concentration according to Faraday’s law, which allows calculation of electrolyte density for each volume cell of the grid. Forced convection is considered as flow of electrolyte through the cell generated by electrolyte inlet and outlet. By variation of current density, the limiting current density can be calculated with a copperion concentration of zero at the cathode surface after reaching the steady-state conditions in electrolyte. Time dependency of diffusion boundary layer thickness is shown for a chosen cell geometry. Literature data and measured and calculated values of both quantities are in good agreement.     

A machine vision system for high speed object tracking using a moments algorithm

A system has been developed for tracking the motion of objects in two dimensions in real-time. The system consists of a conventional CCD camera linked to a transputer-based frame grabber and an array of nine transputers. A parallel moments algorithm is used to extract the co-ordinates of the object's centre of gravity and orientation at field rate, i.e. 60 Hz. Since the position data are made available in real-time—with a small time delay—the system has the potential for inclusion in a feedback loop. Results are presented for tracking the trajectory of a chocolate bar diverted by an air jet. The potential of the system for higher sampling rates—up to 200 Hz—is discussed.     

A multilevel soliton communication system

A multilevel soliton communication system is proposed and assessed. In this system, at the transmitter end each channel transmits its data via fundamental solitons with a pre-specified amplitude (i.e., soliton width). At the receiver end we take advantage of the sensitive relationship between the amount or fundamental soliton self-wavelength shift and the width of the soliton in the subpicosecond region. We first compress the incoming soliton noises to the subpicosecond level and pass them through a short length of fiber at the end of which the pulses have become separated in the wavelength domain since each soliton, corresponding to a data channel, has experienced a different Raman self-wavelength shift. The channels are then easily separated by optical filters. We have derived the design constraint relations for such a system. We have then heuristically designed a 40 Gbs (four channels) system for a 1000 km propagation distance (total data-rate distance product of 40 Tb/km). Numerical simulations and noise analyses have verified the feasibility and practicality of the proposed system with very good design margins. The wavelength jitter is found to be much smaller than the desired filter spacing, and thus its contribution to the bit error rate is negligible. We also argue that the system is more tolerant to Gordon-Haus timing jitter than conventional TDM soliton systems. The system is all fiber and is, therefore very cost effective as it does not require sophisticated electro-optic and microwave circuits for demultiplexing. The system can potentially operate at much higher speeds than those achievable in conventional soliton systems and it can be used in parallel with WDM soliton system     

Spinal abscess of Haemophilus paraphrophilus. A case report

STUDY DESIGN: A case of paraspinal abscess formation from Haemophilus paraphrophilus is presented. OBJECTIVES: To describe a case of paraspinal abscess formation from H. paraphrophilus, a fastidious commensal organism of the mouth and pharynx. A precise bacteriologic identification can be difficult; techniques for such identification are discussed. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spinal abscess caused by H. paraphrophilus is unusual and can be very difficult to diagnose. METHODS: The etiology, clinical presentation, technical examinations, and treatment are reviewed. RESULTS: Prolonged antibiotic treatment was curative, although surgery was considered. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteriologic diagnoses in these rare infections are difficult. Antibiotic therapy was curative in the patient described.     

Charge comparison protection of transmission lines-relayingconcepts

The authors describe the relaying concepts of charge comparison. Charge comparison is a new transmission line protection system. It is a form of current differential relaying. Charge comparison largely resolves the traditional problems of current differential relaying of transmission lines, which are that protection is lost if a channel fails, a large channel capacity is required, and precise channel delay compensation is required. This technique is suitable for the protection of two- or three-terminal AC transmission lines, of all lengths and voltage levels, with or without series of shunt compensation, with three-hole or single-pole tripping     

Experimental study of venous circulatory disturbance by dural sinus occlusion

Using a newly devised model of dural sinus occlusion, we investigated the pathophysiology of venous haemorrhage as well as venous circulatory disturbance. The superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and diploic veins (DV) were occluded in 16 cats. Intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured for 12 hours after the occlusion. At the end of the experiment, cerebral water content was estimated. In another 8 cats additional occlusions of cortical veins were carried out. In both groups, the blood-brain barrier permeability was evaluated with Evans blue or horseradish peroxidase. The SSS and DV occlusion produced a significant increase in ICP and CBV concomitant with a significant decrease in rCBF. Cerebral water content also increased significantly. However, there was no transition of Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase through the cerebral vessels, and no haemorrhages could be observed. In contrast, the additional occlusion of cortical veins produced haemorrhagic infarctions with Evans blue extravasation in 6 out of the 8 cats. These data suggest that dural sinus occlusion may lead to an increase in CBV and cerebral water content resulting in intracranial hypertension and decreased rCBF. The brain oedema in this model seemed to be mainly hydrostatic oedema, and might also be contributed by cytotoxic oedema. The additional occlusion of cortical veins might be essential in the development of haemorrhage in this model, and the blood-brain barrier was also disrupted in these areas.     

Identification and disruption of a plant shaker-like outward channel involved in K+ release into the xylem sap

SKOR, a K+ channel identified in Arabidopsis, displays the typical hydrophobic core of the Shaker channel superfamily, a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain, and an ankyrin domain. Expression in Xenopus oocytes identified SKOR as the first member of the Shaker family in plants to be endowed with outwardly rectifying properties. SKOR expression is localized in root stelar tissues. A knockout mutant shows both lower shoot K+ content and lower xylem sap K+ concentration, indicating that SKOR is involved in K+ release into the xylem sap toward the shoots. SKOR expression is strongly inhibited by the stress phytohormone abscisic acid, supporting the hypothesis that control of K+ translocation toward the shoots is part of the plant response to water stress.