Methods for suppressing the longitudinal instability of a bunched beam with the help of landau damping

Conclusions The insertion of an additional accelerating system with multiplicity nq is desirable only in a synchrotron with a well-bunched beam, where the natural nonlinearity A ₀ ² is small.When the amplitude of the additional voltage is limited by the quantity nV_n/V_o1, there are two approximately equivalent schemes for switching on the harmonics nq (see Secs. 3 and 4), which permit obtaining an instability suppression factor of _max10/A _o ² with n_opt5/A_o.The efficiency of both schemes has been confirmed experimentally in ISR storage rings [1, 5], but there are no data for making quantitative comparisons of the experimental results with our calculations. At the same time switching on the harmonic n=2 in the PSB synchrotron without satisfying the condition (39) only increased the longitudinal instability of the beam [6].By raising significantly the amplitude of the additional voltage in the state of Sec. 3, which is equivalent to transferring to an acceleration multiplicity nq while keeping constant the number of bunches, it is possible to raise the instability suppression factor to _max 5/A _o ² with n_opt2.3/A_o[nV_n/V_o]^1/4.Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 98–104, February, 1987.     

Tests in an MR reactor of experimental fuel elements of the VVÉR-1000 reactor

Conclusions In an MR reactor performance tests of 16 fuel assemblies, with elements having essentially the same structure as standard VVÉR-100 fuel elements, were carried out. Tests of five more fuel assemblies are continuing. Of the 16 assemblies, 13 were studied in a hot laboratory.The tests in the MR, carried out at high loads and with a large number of transition processes, as well as the postreactor studies, indicated that fuel elements of the specified design (with initial helium pressures of 1.96–2.45 MPa) have a high reliability. None of the elements of the fuel assemblies studied malfunctioned due to design defects or faults in their fabrication. During the tests the jackets were subject to a little oxidation and hydrogenation (zirconium-oxide film<3 m thick, hydrogen content less than 0.008% by mass), and their plasticity remained high (the relative elongation at the working temperature remained at the 20% level).Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 312–317, May, 1987.     

A Novel Volume-Stable Collagen Matrix Induces Changes in the Behavior of Primary Human Oral Fibroblasts,Periodontal Ligament,and Endothelial Cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of a novel volume-stable collagen matrix (vCM) on early wound healing events including cellular migration and adhesion, protein adsorption and release, and the dynamics of the hemostatic system. For this purpose, we utilized transwell migration and crystal violet adhesion assays, ELISAs for quantification of adsorbed and released from the matrix growth factors, and qRT-PCR for quantification of gene expression in cells grown on the matrix. Our results demonstrated that primary human oral fibroblasts, periodontal ligament, and endothelial cells exhibited increased migration toward vCM compared to control cells that migrated in the absence of the matrix. Cellular adhesive properties on vCM were significantly increased compared to controls. Growth factors TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, and GDF-5 were adsorbed on vCM with great efficiency and continuously delivered in the medium after an initial burst release within hours. We observed statistically significant upregulation of genes encoding the antifibrinolytic thrombomodulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, thrombospondin 1, and thromboplastin, as well as strong downregulation of genes encoding the profibrinolytic tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its receptor, and the matrix metalloproteinase 14 in cells grown on vCM. As a general trend, the stimulatory effect of the vCM on the expression of antifibrinolytic genes was synergistically enhanced by TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, or FGF-2, whereas the strong inhibitory effect of the vCM on the expression of profibrinolytic genes was reversed by PDGF-BB, FGF-2, or GDF-5. Taken together, our data strongly support the effect of the novel vCM on fibrin clot stabilization and coagulation/fibrinolysis equilibrium, thus facilitating progression to the next stages of the soft tissue healing process.     

Magnetic anisotropy of Co/Cu/Co nanocrystalline films upon magnetic annealing

The magnetic anisotropy of Co/Cu/Co films with the thickness of the copper spacer corresponding to the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic indirect exchange coupling between Co layers has been studied. The films deposited on naturally oxidized (111) Si single crystals were produced by magnetron sputtering. The films were annealed at 240°C. Such an annealing virtually neither changes the grain size nor leads to the mixing of layers; i.e., no disturbance of the coupling type between the cobalt layers takes place. Changes in the surface and induced magnetic anisotropy and in the effective energy of indirect exchange coupling have been studied upon annealing in the presence and absence of a magnetic field. It has been found that the shape of surface inhomogeneities in the films changes upon annealing in the magnetic field applied along the film plane, which substantially affects, the surface anisotropy. In the films characterized by antiferromagnetic coupling, the easy axis of magnetization is induced only in the magnetic fields exceeding the saturation field. The induced-anisotropy constant estimated theoretically agrees well with those determined experimentally.     

Explosive compaction of amorphous Cu−Sn powder prepared by the method of mechanical alloying

Novosibirsk. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 125–129, March–April, 1989.     

Continuous-time norm-constrained Kalman filtering

This paper considers continuous-time state estimation when part of the state estimate or the entire state estimate is norm-constrained. In the former case continuous-time state estimation is considered by posing a constrained optimization problem. The optimization problem can be broken up into two separate optimization problems, one which solves for the optimal observer gain associated with the unconstrained state estimates, while the other solves for the optimal observer gain associated with the constrained state estimates. The optimal constrained state estimate is found by projecting the time derivative of an unconstrained estimate onto the tangent space associated with the norm constraint. The special case where the entire state estimate is norm-constrained is briefly discussed. The utility of the filtering results developed are highlighted through a spacecraft attitude estimation example. Numerical simulation results are included.     

Corrosion inhibition of copper in near neutral aqueous solutions by gamma-pyrodiphenone

The inhibition effect of gamma-pyrodiphenone (PD) on copper corrosion in near neutral sulphate solutions was investigated. Weight loss and polarization measurements show a high inhibition efficiency (>96%) of PD on copper corrosion at extremely low concentrations. PD suppresses active copper dissolution and oxygen reduction. The potentiodynamic cathodic reduction measurements showed an inhibition of oxide formation and stabilization of the Cu2O oxide in the presence of PD. XPS measurements suggested that the high inhibition effect of PD on copper corrosion is due to the adsorption of PD molecules, as a first stage, and the formation of a film with a polymer-like structure by coordination of PD with Cu2O on prolonged exposure.     

Cu2O/Cu Cermet as a Candidate Inert Anode for Al Production

Cu₂O/ x Cu ( x =0–25 wt%) cermets were evaluated as a novel partially inert anode for aluminum (Al) production. The physical and mechanical properties, including the compressive strength, flexural strength, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and dc electrical conductivity were tested at room temperature and at temperatures up to 950°C. The coefficient of thermal expansion, compressive strength, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of Cu₂O/Cu cermets increased with increasing Cu content. High-temperature electrical conductivity measurements showed that with increasing temperature, the electrical conductivity increased when the Cu content was below the percolation threshold, while it decreased when the Cu content was above the percolation threshold. A relatively stable CuAlO₂ layer formed on the cermet surface during electrochemical testing, and the corrosion rate of this anode was estimated to be about 1.8–1.9 cm/year in Al production.     

Criterion for Selecting Composite Materials for Explosion Containment Structures (Review)

Experimental data on the dynamic response and strength of simple shells of fiber composites are used to justify the choice of these materials for the load-bearing shells of blast-proof structures. It is shown that in such structures composites are preferred to homogeneous metal alloys (structural steels) to eliminate strong scale effects of an energetic nature. A criterion for selecting fibers is proposed and justified experimentally, and reinforcement patterns are determined to obtain optimal (in the strength-mass ratio) compositions for the load-bearing shells of blast-proof containers and chambers. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 3–13, September–October, 2005.