不同材料包装袋对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片储藏品质的影响

以马铃薯为原料,制作泡椒鲜切马铃薯片,分别用全透明的聚酰胺/流延聚丙烯(PA/CPP)、半透明的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/镀铝箔/聚乙烯(PET/镀铝箔/PE)和不透明的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/铝箔/聚乙烯(PET/铝箔/PE)耐高温蒸煮袋抽真空包装,于37℃、相对湿度75％、光照条件下储藏42 d,考察不同材料包装袋对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片色泽、质地、菌落总数及感官品质的影响,筛选适合泡椒鲜切马铃薯片的包装材料.结果表明:包装袋透光率对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片储藏品质有显著影响,氧气透过量和水蒸气透过量较低的不透明耐高温PET/铝箔/PE袋能有效抑制泡椒鲜切马铃薯片的褐变,减缓L*值的降低,保持硬度、弹性和咀嚼性水平,抑制微生物的生长,泡椒鲜切马铃薯片储藏42 d后,其品质完好,口感佳,与其他两种包装袋相比,显著延长了产品货架期.     

甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛WRKY基因家族的生物信息学分析

WRKY基因家族是一类含有WRKY保守结构域的转录因子大家族,是植物中最大的转录调控因子家族之一。目前已有多种植物WRKY家族的分析鉴定报告,但关于甘薯(Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.)中WRKY家族的报告却很少。本研究利用生物信息学方法对甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛Ipomoea trifida(Kunth)G.Don的基因组数据进行了详细的分析,结果显示:在三浅裂野牵牛基因组中共鉴定得到82个WRKY转录因子,其中81个不均匀分布在基因组的15条染色体上,第5号染色体上分布最多(10个基因),第8和15号染色体上分布最少(2个基因);蛋白分子大小在116~710个氨基酸之间,等电点为4.85~10.33不等;按照保守结构域分类可以分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三组,Ⅱ组包含Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱc、Ⅱd和Ⅱe五个亚组,其中Ⅰ组有15个ItWRKY基因、Ⅱa组4个、Ⅱb组11个、Ⅱc组23个、Ⅱd组7个Ⅱe组10个、Ⅲ组12个;82个ItWRKY基因中有8个基因的核心结构域WRKYGQK发生了单个氨基酸变化(WRKYGKK)。ItWRKY基因以组织特异性的方式表达且在不同胁迫下基因的表达量存在差异,表明ItWRKY基因参与了三浅裂野牵牛对胁迫的响应。本研究为甘薯WRKY基因的功能鉴定提供了参考作用,进一步为甘薯的分子育种提供了帮助。     

不结球白菜形态性状及SSR遗传多样性关联分析

分析不结球白菜遗传多样性,筛选与形态性状相关联且具有多态性的标记位点,为不结球白菜的分子辅助育种选择、种质资源的利用和新品种选育提供依据。本研究以类型差异大、有南方特色的54份种质资源为材料,对其6个质量性状和5个数量性状进行3次田间调查,从40对引物中筛选出25对SSR引物进行遗传多样性分析,结合形态性状对54份不结球白菜种质资源进行统计分析。结果表明:6个质量性状间具有丰富的多样性,5个数量性状间有显著的差异性,其中SA变异系数最大,FC与L、W和SA呈显著正相关;25对SSR引物共检测到72个多态性位点,平均每对SSR引物产生2.88个多态性位点,PIC平均值为0.3831,说明不结球白菜SSR具有丰富的遗传多样性;54份不结球白菜的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.492~0.963,平均为0.742,在遗传距离0.6处可将供试材料划分为3个类群;通过关联分析发现5个与数量性状关联的标记位点,各标记的表型变异解释率在0.4657~0.6329,平均为0.5393。本试验获得的5个标记位点可为不结球白菜分子标记育种提供依据。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的水稻miR1866突变体构建

microRNA(miRNA)是长度为18~25个碱基的非编码单链RNA,在植物生长发育过程中起着重要的调节作用。水稻是世界上重要的粮食作物之一,近年来调控水稻生长发育的miRNA不断被发掘,但目前关于miR1866的研究还比较少。本研究通过构建miR1866的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体,创制miR1866的突变体,挖掘水稻miR1866的功能。依据CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,设计了miR1866的突变靶点,通过人工合成的方法得到包含突变靶点的特异序列,经过磷酸化修饰和退火后与载体Sg RNA连接进而与Cas9重组得到miR1866的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法导入粳稻品种日本晴,获得转基因植株,结合测序结果判断转基因植株突变单株的突变基因型。本研究比较了野生型和突变体(KO1866-1-2和KO1866-2-4)在相同培养条件下苗期的根长、株高、茎基粗、鲜重和干重,结果表明:在营养液培养条件下,突变体的株高、根长、茎基粗、鲜重和干重均显著低于野生型。据此推测,miR1866对水稻的生长发育有一定的调节作用。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9创制水稻miR1866的突变体,对研究miRNA调控途径,完善水稻miRNA调控的分子机制具有重要的意义。     

A protease-insensitive feruloyl esterase from China Holstein cow rumen metagenomic library: expression, characterization, and utilization in ferulic acid release from wheat straw

A metagenomic library of China Holstein cow rumen microbes was constructed and screened for novel gene cluster. A novel feruloyl esterase (FAE) gene was identified with a length of 789 bp and encoded a protein displaying 56% identity to known esterase sequences. The gene was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the total molecular weight of the recombined protein was 32.4 kDa. The purified enzyme showed a broad specificity against the four methyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids and high activity (259.5 U/mg) to methyl ferulate at optimum conditions (pH 8.0, 40 °C). High thermal and pH stability were also observed. Moreover, the enzyme showed broad resistance to proteases. FAE-SH1 can enhance the release of ferulic acid from wheat straw with cellulase, β-1,4-endoxylanase, β-1,3-glucanase, and pectase. These features suggest FAE-SH1 as a good candidate to enhance biomass degradation and improve the health effects of food and forage.     

Preservation of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate antioxidant properties loaded in heat treated β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was loaded in heat treated β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) for the preservation of antioxidant activity. The effects of pH (2.5-7.0), the heating temperature of β-Lg (30-85 °C), the molar ratio of β-Lg to EGCG (1:2-1:32), and the β-Lg concentration (1-10 mg/mL) on the properties of β-Lg-EGCG complexes were studied. All four factors significantly influenced the particle size, the ζ-potential, and the entrapment efficiency of EGCG and EGCG loading in β-Lg particles. A stable and clear solution system could be obtained at pH 6.4-7.0. The highest protection of EGCG antioxidant activity was obtained with β-Lg heated at 85 °C and the molar ratio of 1:2 (β-Lg: EGCG). β-Lg-EGCG complexes were found to have the same secondary structure as native β-Lg.     

Comparison of fast gas chomatography-surface acoustic wave (FGC-SAW) detection and GC-MS for characterizing blueberry cultivars and maturity

A novel analytical method using fast gas chromatography-surface acoustic wave detection (FGC-SAW) was employed to rapidly characterize blueberry volatile profiles according to genotypes and fruit maturity. Fourteen FGC-SAW peaks were observed and 11 peaks were tentatively identified in the 15 s chromatogram. Peak identifications were confirmed by matching retention index values with similar values from GC-MS analyses of the same samples. Eighty peaks were observed in the 40 min GC-MS analysis of identical samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plots of FGC-SAW and GC-MS data both differentiated blueberries according to genotype, maturity stage, and harvest date even though FGC-SAW PCA's used far fewer peak area values. PCA plots clearly separated 'FL02-40', 'Snowchaser', 'Jewel', and 'Primadonna' blueberry cultivars into four quarters using two-dimensional PCA projections. FGC-SAW was also successful in differentiating three berry maturity stages in PCA score plots for both 'Jewel' and 'Primadonna' cultivars. FGC-SAW is an effective technique for rapid analysis of major blueberry volatiles, but could not determine many mid- and low-level volatiles as they were often coeluted with higher concentration volatiles.     

Determination of main categories of components in corn steep liquor by near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression

Corn steep liquor (CSL) is an important raw material that has a high nutritional value and serves as a nitrogen source. This study aimed to develop a fast, versatile, cheap, and environmentally safe analytical method of quantifying the total acidity (TA) of CSL as well as its contents of dry matter (DM), total sugars (TS), total reducing sugars (TRS), total free amino acids (TFAA), total nitrogen (TN), and total sulfite (TSu). The near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measurements of 66 samples (22 batches) of CSL were analyzed by partial least-squares regression using several spectral preprocessing methods. Multivariate models developed in the NIR area showed good predictive abilities for DM, TA, TS, TRS, TFAA, TN, and TSu determination. These results confirm the feasibility of the multivariate spectroscopic approach as a replacement for expensive and time-consuming conventional chemical methods. Thus, a convenient and feasible method for the quality control of fermentation raw materials for food additives and fine chemicals, especially in CSL, is established.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with alfalfa in Serbian soils

We have evaluated the genetic diversity and phylogeny of alfalfa rhizobia, originating from different types of soils in Serbia and their ability to establish an effective symbiosis with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A collection of 65 strains isolated from root nodules of alfalfa were characterized by rep-PCR analysis, partial and complete 16S rDNA gene and recA gene sequencing, as well as atpD gene sequencing and DNA–DNA hybridizations. The results of the sequence analyses revealed that Sinorhizobium meliloti is the dominant species in alfalfa nodules. Only one strain was identified as Sinorhizobium medicae, two strains as Rhizobium tibeticum and one strain as Rhizobium sp. Despite the fact that the majority of strains were identified as S. meliloti, a high genetic diversity at strain level was detected. Almost all isolates shared the ability to nodulate and fix nitrogen with M. sativa, except 11 of them, which were incapable of fixing nitrogen with this species. About 50% of the isolates showed values of symbiotic effectiveness (SE) above 50%, while 10% of the strains were highly effective with SE values above 70%. Some of the strains which were highly effective in nitrogen fixation at the same time could intensively solubilize phosphates, offering a possibility for multipurpose inoculum development. This was the first genetic study of rhizobia isolated from this region and also the first report of natural presence of R. tibeticum in root nodules of M. sativa.     

四种改良剂对铜和镉复合污染土壤的田间原位修复研究

研究了石灰、磷灰石、蒙脱石和凹凸棒石对冶炼厂周边Cu、Cd污染土壤的原位修复效果。以黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)作为田间修复植物,采用植物重金属吸收性、土壤重金属化学提取性及土壤溶液重金属浓度变化等作指标来评价修复效果,并研究了黑麦草对Cu、Cd的吸收与土壤、土壤溶液中Cu、Cd含量的相关性。结果表明,石灰高添加剂量(石灰占污染土壤耕作层质量的0.4%)处理黑麦草对重金属的富集效果最好,显著降低了重金属毒性,促进了黑麦草的生长及其对重金属的富集;石灰和磷灰石各添加剂量均显著降低了污染土壤交换态Cu含量;石灰、磷灰石和蒙脱石各添加剂量均显著提高了土壤溶液pH并显著降低了其Cu、Cd浓度。黑麦草地上部、根中Cu浓度与土壤交换态Cu及土壤溶液Cu浓度呈显著或极显著正相关关系。