Software diversity

The use of software systems in safety-critical application requires the investigation of different methods to achieve the necessary dependability. Software diversity is one of the methods to be considered. After a short introduction to the basic principles and different forms, applications of software diversity in various areas are presented and the achievements, benefits and drawbacks are discussed. A modelling method is introduced, which takes into account the different aspects and approaches software diversity can take. The expected impact of diversity on the different stages of software development can be parametrized; the result of the modelling is information on the expected overall gain or loss in dependability, and on the expected cost, compared to a non-diverse software development. Finally, the relationship of software diversity to other methods used to achieve dependable software systems is discussed.     

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Constituents from Mice and their Urine

We report the volatile composition of the body scent of male C57BL/6J mice in comparison to the volatile composition of their urine. From a total of 67 components, nitromethane, propanoic acid, dimethyldisulfide, 1-octene, 1-hexanol, hexanoic acid, indole, α- and β-farnesene, and one unidentified component were observed only in the volatiles from the body of mice. On the other hand, 3-penten-2-one, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-cyclopentanone, p-xylene, 3-hepten-2-one, 2,3-dehydro-exo-brevicomin, benzylmethylketone, and 13 unidentified components were only found in urine volatiles. All other substances were present in the volatiles of both mice and their urine. Aliphatic aldehydes from pentanal to decanal were prominent mouse odor components. Because receptors for these aldehydes have been extensively characterized in the main olfactory organ, these components may be important for mice in recognizing their conspecifics.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Synthesis,Mechanism, and Gas‐Sensing Application of Surfactant Tailored Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures

Widely applicable nonaqueous solution routes have been employed for the syntheses of crystalline nanostructured tungsten oxide particles from a tungsten hexachloride precursor. Here, a systematic study on the crystallization and assembly behavior of tungsten oxide products made by using the bioligand deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) (product I ), the two chelating ligands hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) ( II ) and poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymer (Pluronic P123) ( III ) is presented. The mechanistic pathways for the material synthesis are also discussed in detail. The tungsten oxide nanomaterials and reaction solutions are characterized by Fourier transform IR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies, powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM, and selected‐area electron diffraction. The indexing of the line pattern suggests WO₃ is in its monoclinic structure with a = 0.7297 nm, b = 0.7539 nm, c = 0.7688 nm, and β‐i; = 90.91 °. The nanoparticles formed have various architectures, such as chromosomal shapes (product I ) and slates ( II ), which are quite different from the mesoporous one ( III ) that has internal pores or mesopores ranging from 5 to 15 nm. The nanoparticles obtained from all the synthetic procedures are in the range of 40–60 nm. The investigation of the gas‐sensing properties of these materials indicate that all the sensors have good baseline stability and the sensors fabricated from material III present very different response kinetics and different CO detection properties. The possibility of adjusting the morphology and by that tuning the gas‐sensing properties makes the preparation strategies used interesting candidates for fabricating gas‐sensing materials.     

Zur Querkraftgefährdung bestehender Spannbetonbrücken

Zur Formulierung einer Handlungsanweisung werden in Teil I die geänderten Lastannahmen für Brücken nach DIN Fachbericht 101 mit den Belastungsklassen nach alten Normen verglichen und gezeigt, wie anhand aktueller Verkehrszahlen die Lastansätze modifiziert werden können. Der aktuelle Brückenbestand in Hessen wird mit der Straßeninformationsbank (Teilprojekt Bauwerksdaten) ausgewertet, um Klassifizierungs‐ und Bewertungskriterien zu erarbeiten. Zur Beurteilung des Querkraftwiderstandes werden die Grundlagen der Querkraftbemessung nach DIN 1045, DIN 4227, DIN Fachbericht 102 und aus der Literatur gegenübergestellt. Shear‐Vulnerability of Existing Pre‐Stressed Concrete Bridges. Part One: Basics In Part I, to formulate an operation directive the revised load assumptions for bridges of DIN Technical Report 101 are compared with the loading classes according to old standards and it is demonstrated, how the loading models can be modified based on actual traffic data. The current bridge asset in the Federal State of Hesse is evaluated using the “Road Information Database (Sub‐Project: Structural Data)” in order to work out classification and evaluation criteria. Regarding the assessment of the shear load‐bearing capacity the fundamentals of the shear load design models of DIN 1045, DIN 4227, DIN TR 102 and from the literature are compared.