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151.
Dieter Gorenflo Untung Chandra Stephan Kotthoff Andrea Luke 《International Journal of Refrigeration》2004,27(5):492-502
The correct prediction of the heat transfer performance of the boiling liquid within the evaporator of a refrigeration unit is one of the essential features for the successful operation of the whole unit. A theoretically consistent calculation method for the heat transfer coefficient α in nucleate boiling, which should be based on the physical phenomena connected with vapour bubbles growing, departing and sliding on the wall and with the interactions of bubbles and of neighbouring nucleation sites within the microstructure of the heating surface, does not yet exist, despite the increasing number of papers on the subject in the recent past. Instead, the predictive methods for α available at present are empirical or semiempirical, especially for heat transfer conditions relevant in practice. Many of these correlations have been established in the form of power laws in which the relative influences of the main groups of variables on α are treated by separate factors. One of these may stand for the influence of the thermophysical properties of the boiling liquid or these properties will be included in several of the factors.New experimental results are presented for pool boiling heat transfer from a single horizontal copper tube (8 mm OD) to HFC-refrigerants (R32, 125, 134a, 143a, 152a, 227ea) and hydrocarbons (propane, i-butane). The results are compared to experimental data from the literature, and methods are discussed, how to incorporate the data in semiempirical correlations to describe the influence of the thermophysical properties of the fluids on the heat transfer performance. 相似文献
152.
Thermal decomposition of powdered ammonium perchlorate (AP), polystyrene (PS) and propellant, catalysed by freshly-prepared CuCr2O4 and mixtures of CuCr2O4 and CuO, has been studied with a low concentration (1% by mass) of the catalysts. It appears that decomposition is increased due to heterogeneous catalysis. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of CuCr2O4 in the orthorhombic region of AP have also been studied. 相似文献
153.
154.
Forbes L Zhang C Zhang B Chandra Y 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》2003,50(6):716-719
The phase noise resulting from white and flicker noise in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) LC oscillator is investigated. Large signal transient time domain SPICE simulations of phase noise resulting from the random-phase flicker and white noise in a 2 GHz BJT LC oscillator have been performed and demonstrated. The simulation results of this new technique are compared with Eldo RF and Spectre RF based on linear circuit concepts and experimental result reported in the literature. 相似文献
155.
Wavy roll design was employed for strengthening 1 mm thin austenitic stainless steel coil sheet by cold rolling without further reduction in thickness. This steel possesses high corrosion resistance and high ductility. Initially, the sheets were rolled into sine wave shape (wave amplitude <2 mm) and then flattened using conventional cold rolling mill. Such a process cycle was repeated for four times successfully and the mechanical properties were measured after each cycle. The yield strength increased from 255 to 931 MPa with corresponding decrease in elongation from 45% to only 17% after the fourth cycle of severe cold working. Tensile strength and hardness values increased from 753 MPa and 185 HV to 973 MPa and 371 HV, respectively. The micro-to-nano-scale resolution structures, obtained by optical and atomic force microscope (AFM), were used to explain the variation in properties during this manufacturing process and to propose schematically the deformation mechanism. 相似文献
156.
Pijush Kanti Chattopadhyay Srinivasan Praveen Narayan Chandra Das Santanu Chattopadhyay 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2013,53(5):923-930
Influence of organic modifying agent of clay on dispersion, distribution, hybrid microstructure formation, and associated performance properties of epoxidized natural rubber‐based composites was evaluated. Binary and ternary composites of carbon black (CB) and two organomodified layered silicates (i.e., nanomer I30E and Cloisite 30B) were prepared and characterized based on small angle X‐ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, hydrodynamic swelling, tensile measurement, and dynamic mechanical analyses. Greater extent of exfoliation and “nanounit” formation was noted in ternary composites containing nanomer I30E, which was reflected in higher interfacial roughness (ds = 2.82) and lower radius of gyration (Rg = 205 Å). Morphological observations suggested higher nanomer I30E–CB interactions than that of Cloisite 30B–CB. The interplatelet distance in Cloisite 30B (d = 1.83 nm) stacks was lower than that of nanomer I30E (d = 2.26 nm). These two factors jointly contributed in higher breakdown of nanomer I30E stacks by CB than that of Cloisite 30B stacks. Greater exfoliation and nanounit formation in I30E–CB‐filled nanocomposite was also reflected in increased degree of crosslinking (n = 20 × 10?5%), tensile modulus/strength, half height width of damping peak (20.3°C), and filler effectiveness (C = 0.33). POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
157.
A new test-resource-partitioning approach, based on test data compression and on-chip decompression, reduces data volume, decreases testing time, and accommodates slower (less expensive) testers without decreasing test duality 相似文献
158.
Chandra S. Sharma Mukund D. Behera Atmaram Mishra Sudhindra N. Panda 《Water Resources Management》2011,25(13):3219-3246
Natural hazards such as flooding can cause changes in land-cover. The present study deals with the changes in land-cover in
three worst affected districts (Anand, Vadodara and Kheda) of Gujarat state in India due to severe flood during 2005. The
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) P6 Linear Imaging Self Scanning (LISS) III satellite imageries of pre- and post-flooding periods
were used as sources of information for the study area. Three classification approaches (unsupervised ISODATA, supervised
Maximum Likelihood Classifier, and fuzzy rule based) were used to extract flood induced land-cover information. Results obtained
from the above classification approaches were compared. Soft computing technique such as fuzzy based image classification
gave better separability amongst classes as compared to hard classification techniques. The accuracy assessment showed that
the fuzzy approach can predict land-cover more accurately than traditional approach and also showed great potential for dealing
with mapping of flood induced land-cover. Unsupervised classification results for the period October 2004 to October 2005
revealed decrease in inland water bodies (14.49%) and agricultural area (6.42%) while increase in remaining land-cover. During
February 2005 to February 2006, all land-cover classes decreased except agricultural fallow and sparse vegetation. In case
of supervised classification, decreasing trend was observed only in case of agricultural area (6.78%) during October 2004
to October 2005. Similarly, during February 2005 to February 2006, increase in coastal water bodies (0.73%) and sparse vegetation
(1.7%) was observed where as decreasing trend was noticed in the remaining land-cover classes. In fuzzy based classification,
only decrease in agricultural area (7.09%) was observed from October 2004 to October 2005, whereas during February 2005 to
February 2006, decrease in area was exhibited in all land-cover classes except coastal water bodies and sparse vegetation.
Change detection indicated interchange of areas between inland and coastal water bodies and decrease in agricultural area
leading to increase in area of agricultural fallow and sparse vegetation. 相似文献
159.
Narendra Kumar Kuldeep Bauddh Sanjeev Kumar Neetu Dwivedi D. P. Singh S. C. Barman 《Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy》2013,15(6):1033-1039
Bioavailability of heavy metals present in industrial sludges and their subsequent phytotoxicity are crucial parameters to assess the associated health hazards and suitability for land application. The present study is an effort to determine the extractability of heavy metals present in different phases of the sludges, coming out of two different operations involved in petrochemical industry viz. spent caustic treatment (SCT) and waste water treatment (WWT) following the BCR sequential extraction procedure. The maximum amount of Cd and Cu was found associated with oxidizable phase, whereas Cr and Ni were best recovered in residual fractions of both the sludges. Maximum Pb was recovered in oxidizable and residual phase in the WWT and SCT sludges, respectively. The stabilization treatment undergone by sludges strongly influenced the heavy metal distribution and the phases to which they were associated. The total metal concentration in both the sludges did not exceed the limit set out by the European Legislation and was found as Cd = 0.449, Pb = 3.340, Ni = 6.530, Cr = 21.087, & Cu = 27.129 μg g?1 and Cd = 0.549, Pb = 5.664, Ni = 7.161, Cr = 27.096, & Cu = 35.479 μg g?1 in the SCT and WWT sludges, respectively. Phytotoxicity of the sludges was assessed against the germination index and the relative root and shoot growth. Sludge leachates did not adversely affect the seed germination and the early seedling growth of Mung (Phaseolus mungo) and Gram (Cicer arietinum), indicating that these metals were concentrated in the non-bioavailable fractions of sludges. 相似文献
160.
Alexander Chandra Lih‐Sheng Turng Padma Gopalan Roger M. Rowell Shaoqin Gong 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2007,105(5):2728-2736
This article presents the development and characterization of transparent poly(styrene‐r‐maleic anhydride) (SMA)/alumina nanocomposites for potential use in optical applications. Chemically treated spherical alumina nanoparticles were dispersed in an SMA matrix polymer via the solution and melt‐compounding methods to produce 2 wt % nanocomposites. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the nanoparticle dispersion. When the solution method was used, nanoparticle reagglomeration occurred, despite the fairly good polymer wetting. However, through the coating of the alumina nanoparticles with a thin layer (ca. 20 nm) of low‐molecular‐weight SMA, reagglomeration was absent in the melt‐compounded samples, and this resulted in excellent nanoparticle dispersion. The resultant nanocomposites were semitransparent to visible light at a 2‐mm thickness with improved UV‐barrier properties. Their impact strengths, tensile strengths, and strains at break were slightly reduced compared with those of their neat resin counterpart, whereas a small enhancement in their moduli was achieved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007 相似文献