AVS Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy

The AVS Workgroup has developed an IPR Policy to facilitate the adoption of standards in the marketplace The policy is based on consideration of IPR issues in parallel with the technical work for drafting the standard. The paper describes the relationship between IPR and the standard, and how the goals for the standard must be complemented by goals for the IPR. The existing IPR policies of the ITU and ISO are outlined, and then the AVS IPR policy is described, organized by its three main components： commitment to license on declared basic terms, disclosure of intellectual property, and protection of IPR.     

Impacts of low temperature combustion and diesel post injection on the in-cylinder production of hydrogen in a lean-burn compression ignition engine

Strategies were investigated for increased in-cylinder formation of hydrogen. The use of low intake oxygen with a post injection was proposed. An intake oxygen sweep was conducted on a lean-burn compression ignition engine by adjusting of the exhaust gas recirculation rate. The results revealed that the yield of hydrogen increased exponentially when the intake oxygen was reduced to achieve low temperature combustion. Further tests showed that low temperature combustion operation consistently produced more hydrogen than high temperature combustion for similar air-to-fuel ratios.To increase the hydrogen yield further, a post injection timing sweep was carried out with low temperature combustion operation. Increased yields of hydrogen were obtained, up to 0.76% by volume, when then the post injection timing was advanced from 70 to 20° crank angle after top dead centre. At the same time, the indicated NO_X emissions reduced to 0.013 g/kW·hr and the smoke emissions were 0.14 FSN. Thus, the tests established that the combination of low temperature combustion, low intake oxygen, and an early post injection produced a high yield of hydrogen with simultaneously ultra-low NO_X and smoke emissions. The main drawback of this strategy was the increased formation of methane, up to 3015 ppm by volume. However, further analysis showed that the hydrogen to methane ratio actually increased under low temperature combustion operation.     

Adaptively distributing cognition: a decision-making perspective on human - computer interaction

Two important phenomena in human - computer interaction (HCI) are considered: the reliance on external information rather than memory, and the interleaving of planning and action. These phenomena are important, it is argued, because they challenge some particular cognitive models. However, we reject those views, influential in the HCI literature, that phenomena like these require radically new conceptions of cognition or behaviour. It is shown that the phenomena are not universal laws of behaviour, but that instead people decide how much to remember and how much to plan according to a consideration of the costs and benefits of different strategies. Thus the classical cognitive conception of humans as adaptive decision makers is vital for a deep understanding of HCI.     

S-parameter measurements yielding the characteristic matrices ofmulticonductor transmission lines

A frequency-domain method is presented, which yields accurate characteristic matrices of uniform multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs). It uses simple two-port network analyzer S-parameter measurements of a set of open-circuit and short-circuited MTL configurations. The method eliminates the need for voltage and current probes, which introduce errors. Transversely inhomogeneous MTLs can be accurately characterized in their quasi-TEM propagation regime. The influence of the skin effect on the inductance matrix is taken into account. The technique was used to determine the inductance and capacitance matrices of a low-loss three-conductor ribbon cable above a ground plane. Comparisons with numerically and analytically obtained data are given. Measurements are found to be repeatable for lines of length ℒ<λ/4. The λ/4 requirement is not found to be a restriction in the megahertz regime and only plays a role as line-end effects become significant at gigahertz frequencies. The obtained accuracy is significantly better than previously reported results     

Measurement of wavelengths with phosphor storage image plates on a grazing incidence spectrograph

We recorded the spectra emitted by a Ne/Mg Penning discharge and by sliding spark discharges of Y and Mo in the 150-450 A range with phosphor storage image plates on a 10.7 m grazing incidence spectrograph. To obtain better conformance of the image plates to the focal surface of the concave grating, the plates were mounted on the curved surface with a backing of flexible steel plates. The exposed plates were read by a rotary drum scanner. With these techniques we achieved a wavelength accuracy of approximately 0.003 A. This is comparable to what is normally obtained with photographic plates on this instrument.     

[18F]SiFA‐isothiocyanate: A New Highly Effective Radioactive Labeling Agent for Lysine‐Containing Proteins

A highly efficient ¹⁸F‐labeling synthon for universal protein labeling is reported. Diverse ¹⁸F‐labeled proteins of 66–144 kDa were prepared with [¹⁸F]SiFA‐isothiocyanate synthesized by an isotopic ¹⁹F for ¹⁸F exchange at the silicon atom. Overall preparative radiochemical yields were 20–40 % after 40–50 min. No bone uptake of ¹⁸F radioactivity was detected until 90 min post‐injection of ¹⁸F‐SiFA‐RSA; this demonstrates the metabolic stability of the [¹⁸F]SiFA moiety.

     

Computed tomographic evaluation of the internal structure of the lateral mass of the lower cervical spine

Axial computed tomography scans with a slice thickness of 2 mm taken from 12 cervical spines were used to study the internal structure of the lateral mass. Images representing the middle of zone I (Heller's classification) and the top of zone III were analyzed. The measurement of zone I involved anterior cortex thickness (ACT) while measurements of zone III included ACT, lateral cortex thickness (LCT), posterior cortex thickness (PCT), lateral mass thickness (LMT), and lateral mass width (LMW). The percentage of the ACT and PCT with respect to the LMT (ACT/LMT and PCT/LMT) were calculated. Results showed the average ACT in zone I ranged from 1.6 to 1.8 mm. In zone III, the average LMT and LMW ranged from 8 to 9 mm and 13 to 15 mm, respectively. The smallest LMT was found at C7. The average ACT and PCT for all levels ranged from 1.8 to 2 mm. The ACT with respect to the LMT (ACT/LMT) was approximately 17% to 19% for C3 to C5 and C7, and 15% for C6 separately. The PCT with respect to the LMT (PCT/LMT) was approximately 16% to 18% for C3 to C6, and 20% for C7. These results show the ventral cortex of the lateral mass is relatively thicker and support the concept of bicortical screw purchase.     

Wavelengths of spectral lines in mercury pencil lamps

The wavelengths of 19 spectral lines in the region 253-579 nm emitted by Hg pencil-type lamps were measured by Fourier-transform spectroscopy. Precise calibration of the spectra was obtained with wavelengths of (198)Hg as external standards. Our recommended values should be useful aswavelength-calibration standards for moderate-resolution spectrometers at an uncertainty level of 0.0001 nm.     

An all-digital low-power IF GPS synchronizer

An all-digital intermediate frequency (IF) Global Positioning System (GPS) synchronizer for employment in portable electronic applications is presented. The chip performs code and carrier synchronization, decodes received data, and provides pseudorange estimates. To reduce the average power dissipation, the whole receiver is powered down and reactivated only when it needs to update its position estimate. With a lower duty cycle, the receiver spends more time in the power-down mode and the power consumption of the whole receiver is proportionately reduced. The synchronizer is therefore designed to minimize re-acquisition time between position readings. When powered up, the synchronizer searches in parallel over a window of timing uncertainty, then employs near-optimal tracking with a variable loop gain filter. With SNR=-20 dB, phase shift rate of 1 chip/s, and user velocity of 30 m/s, the synchronizer chip dissipates under 4 mW for pseudorange estimate rms error of under 7 m     

The effect of some processing variables on non-coloured phenolic compounds in port wines

 The non-coloured phenolic fraction of fortified port wines was studied. Trials using several mash-extraction techniques which may be used during port wine making were evaluated for their effectiveness by measuring qualitative and quantitative differences in phenolics. Total phenolic compounds measured by spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis were compared, and the greater values obtained using spectrophotometry are attributable to the contribution of anthocyanins and non-phenolic UV-absorbing compounds. Quantitative and qualitative differences in composition were observed depending on the extraction mode. The greatest total phenolic content was found in port wine made by traditional foot treading, while early addition of extra alcohol to the mash had a neutral or negative effect on the yield of phenolic compounds. Received: 20 March 1997