Social categorization and memory for in-group and out-group behavior.

Three experiments with 91 college students examined the effects of social categorization on memory for behaviors associated with in-group and out-group members. In Exp I, it was predicted and found that social categorization generates the implicit expectancy that the in-group engages in more favorable and/or less unfavorable behaviors than does the out-group. To test the hypothesis that such expectancies bias memory for behaviors associated with in-groups and out-groups, Ss in Exp II were given favorable and unfavorable information about in-group and out-group members and were later tested for recognition memory. Ss showed significantly better memory for negative out-group than for negative in-group behaviors. Exp III assessed the locus of the memory effect and found that the effect could not be attributed to a simple response bias. Implications for intergroup perception are discussed. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A survey of distributed data base management

A survey of the literature on Distributed Data Base Management Systems is presented. The problems associated with distributing data throughout a network are summarized into two major areas: Data Distribution and Data Transfer. Each area is described detailing some of the major proposed solutions to the problems therein. The intention here is to provide the reader with an overview and an extensive bibliography for further study on any aspect of Distributed DBMS.     

Comparison of the temperature sensitivity of protein synthesis by cell-free systems from liver of rat and skate (Raja ocellata)

Studies were undertaken to determine the component(s) responsible for the temperature optimum characteristic of the protein-synthesizing system from skate and rat. 1. The macromolecular constituents of rat and skate liver ribosomes are compared. The number of ribosomal proteins is similar in the two species, although most proteins display different electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gels. The RNAs from the small subunit of skate and rat have similar sedimentation coefficients; however, the RNA from the large subunit of skate ribosomes appeared to be slight smaller than the comparable RNA from the rat. 2. Ribosomes from either rat or skate were capable of supporting poly(U)dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis with soluble factors from either species. 3. Maximal leucine incorporation directed by endogenous mRNA occurred at 35--40 degrees C with post-mitochondrial supernatant from the rat liver and at 20--30 degrees C with that from skate liver. 4. The characteristic temperature sensitivity of protein synthesis was dependent upon the source of cell sap and independent of the source of ribosomes. 5. Elongation factor 1 from both the rat and skate exhibited maximum activity at approx. 30 degrees C. 6. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from skate liver showed maximum activity at 30 degrees C while that from rat was maximally active at 37 degrees C. The rat enzyme, however, was active at 0--10 degrees C, at which temperature protein synthesis in the reconstructed rat system is virtually absent. 7. The protein-synthesizing capacity of the reconstituted system at various temperatures was closely correlated with the activity of Elongation factor 2 (translocase). Elongation factor 2 from rat liver displayed an optimum at 30 degrees C and lost all activity below 10 degrees C, while this same factor from skate liver showed an optimum at 20 degrees C and significant activity below 10 degrees C. At this low temperature the reconstituted skate liver system continued to exhibit the ability to synthesize protein. These studies suggest that Elongation factor 2 is the component responsible for determining the temperature at which the protein-synthesizing system displays its characteristic maximum activity.     

Representing monitored systems: A critical process in data collection

Data collection is a profound step towards effective performance analysis, and it is being challenged by the fact that computing systems become more complex so that mechanical and exhaustive data collection is nearly impractical. To cope with this situation, our recent research has been aimed to improving a critical process in data collection, namely, representing monitored targets. This paper presents a declarative approach to this process, which largely departs from conventional procedure-oriented methods.     

"Socially mediated reduction of isolation distress in rat pups is blocked by naltrexone but not by Ro 15-1788": Correction to Garden and Hofer.

Reports an error in "Socially mediated reduction of isolation distress in rat pups is blocked by naltrexone but not by Ro 15-1788" by Susan E. Carden and Myron A. Hofer (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1990[Jun], Vol 104[3], 457-463). On page 462, the last paragraph of the first column was incorrect. The corrected paragraph is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1990-24769-001.) The presence of a single anesthetized littermate significantly reduced the rate of ultrasonic vocalization by 10-day-old pups isolated in a novel environment. Naltrexone (1.0 mg/kg) returned the vocalization rate to the level of pups tested alone and disrupted the maintenance of body contact between the test pup and a companion. This suggests that the companion exerts comforting effects through endogenous opioid mechanisms. Although chlordiazepoxide is as effective as morphine in the quieting of isolation distress, the benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonist Ro 15-1788 (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) was ineffective in blocking the comfort effect and facilitated quiet contact with the companion. In isolated pups, Ro 15-1788 caused a significant, but not a dose-related, decrease in vocalization, a possible indication of the displacement of an endogenous anxiogenic ligand at the BDZ receptor complex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Formulation compatibility of myristyl nicotinate with drugs used to treat dermatological conditions involving an impaired skin barrier

A number of dermatology conditions including skin photodamage, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea involve skin barrier impairment and first line therapies for these conditions including retinoids and steroids further impair skin barrier function. We have evaluated the compatibility of myristyl nicotinate, an agent that enhances skin barrier function, with drugs used to treat conditions where skin barrier impairment is present including photodamage (retinoic acid), atopic dermatitis (hydrocortisone, triamcinolone acetonide), rosacea (metronidazole), and seborrheic dermatitis (ketoconazole). Myristyl nicotinate was found to be compatible with each of the drugs examined when formulated together and also was shown to be photocompatible with retinoic acid. Our results suggest that the combination of myristyl nicotinate with these drugs is a feasible therapeutic development strategy.     

支持多个SD卡的切换解决方案

市面上许多手机和便携设备(如数码相机)都能通过插入一块标准、小型或微型SD卡来增加内存.这一功能刺激了共享或扩展主机处理器SDIO(安全数字I,0)端口从而连接多个设备的需求.SD卡接口设计为一个6通道总线,其中1个通道用于时钟、一个用于命令,其余4个用于数据线路.