Efficacy of a computerized abuse and safety assessment intervention for women with disabilities: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of a computerized disability-specific abuse assessment intervention on abuse awareness, safety self-efficacy, and safety promoting behaviors of women with diverse disabilities. Research Design: A randomized control group design was used, with the intervention group completing the assessment intervention both at Time 1 (T1) and 3 months later at Time 2 (T2) and control participants completing it for the first time at T2. Analyses compared intervention and control groups at T2 and evaluated change over time in intervention group participants. The relationship between outcome variables (abuse awareness, safety self-efficacy, safety behaviors) was also explored. Results: The intervention group had greater abuse awareness than the control group at T2, and abuse awareness increased from T1 to T2 among women in the intervention group, particularly among women who had experienced little or no abuse in the past year. Both abuse awareness and safety self-efficacy were significantly related to safety behaviors. Conclusions: The computerized program offers promise as a nonthreatening method of conducting abuse assessments among women with disabilities while also serving as an intervention to enhance abuse awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Demonstration of a micro-fabricated hydrogen storage module for micro-power systems

The objective of this work was to demonstrate a micro-fabricated hydrogen storage module for micro-power systems. Hydrogen storage materials were developed as thin-film inks to be compatible with an integrated manufacturing process. Performance and durability of storage modules were evaluated. Further, applications were demonstrated for a nickel-hydrogen battery and a micro-fabricated hydrogen-air PEM fuel cell. The ink making process, in which polymer binders and solvents were added to the palladium-treated alloys, slightly decreased the storage capacities, but had little effect on the activation properties of the treated alloys. After 5000 absorption/desorption cycles under hydrogen, the hydrogen storage capacities of the thin-film inks remained high. Absorption/desorption behavior of the ink was tested in the environment of a new type nickel-hydrogen battery, in which it would in contact with 26 wt% KOH solution, and the ink showed no apparent degradation. Storage modules were successfully used as the hydrogen source for PEM fuel cell.     

Negative priming in patients with Parkinson's disease: Evidence for a role of the striatum in inhibitory attentional processes.

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal controls (NCs) performed a negative priming task. NCs displayed the normal pattern of negative priming in that relative to a control condition they were slower to identify a target within a stimulus array when it had been a distractor in the previous array. PD patients did not display any evidence of negative priming. In contrast, both PD patients and NCs displayed statistically the same level of spatial priming and response repetition cost. Regression analyses indicated that although symptom severity, symptom characteristics, and global cognitive functioning were not reliable predictors of negative priming or spatial priming in PD patients, greater symptom severity and poorer global cognitive functioning were associated with less response repetition cost. The possible role of the striatum in negative priming, spatial priming, and response repetition cost is discussed (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Telescoped trajectories from alcohol initiation to disorder in children of alcoholic parents.

The current study tested whether and why children of alcoholics (COAs) showed telescoped (adolescent) drinking initiation-to-disorder trajectories as compared with non-COAs. Using longitudinal data from a community-based sample, the authors confirmed through survival analyses that COAs progressed more quickly from initial adolescent alcohol use to the onset of disorder than do matched controls. Similar risks for telescoping were evident in COAs whose parents were actively symptomatic versus those whose parents had been previously diagnosed. Stronger telescoping effects were observed for COAs whose parents showed comorbidity for either depression or antisocial personality disorder. Both greater externalizing symptoms and more frequent, heavier drinking patterns at initiation failed to explain COAs' risk for telescoping, although externalizing symptoms were a unique predictor of telescoping. This risk for telescoping was also evident for drug disorders. These findings characterize a risky course of drinking in COAs and raise important questions concerning the underlying mechanisms and consequences of telescoping in COAs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fat distribution and insulin response in prepubertal African American and white children

Ethnic differences in obesity-related disease prevalence may relate to differences in fat distribution or metabolism. We conducted a study in 73 African American and white children to examine the relation between fat distribution and insulin and to determine whether ethnic differences in fat distribution or in adiposity-insulin relations contribute to differences in insulin concentrations. Fasting and postchallenge insulin concentrations were determined by oral-glucose-tolerance test, total body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and subcutaneous abdominal (SAAT) and intraabdominal (IAAT) adipose tissue by computerized tomography. African Americans had greater fasting insulin (x +/- SD: 79 +/- 37 compared with 55 +/- 23 pmol/L, P < 0.01), incremental 30-min insulin (567 +/- 438 compared with 300 +/- 304 pmol/L, P < 0.001), and incremental area under the insulin curve (AUC; 262 +/- 209 compared with 164 +/- 156 pmol/L, P < 0.01). In multiple linear regression, fasting insulin was independently related to total fat within both ethnic groups (model R2 = 0.42 and 0.52 for African Americans and whites, respectively), incremental 30-min insulin to total fat and IAAT in whites only (model R2 = 0.71), and AUC to SAAT in African Americans only (model R2 = 0.49). Adjusting insulin indexes for adiposity did not eliminate the significant effect of ethnicity. In general, relations between adiposity and insulin were stronger in whites than in African Americans. African American children had higher insulin concentrations than white children after total body fat, IAAT, and SAAT were controlled for. However, strong relations between adiposity (total and abdominal) and insulin in both groups suggest that obesity may contribute to disease risk regardless of ethnicity.     

Responsible Use of Computer Technology by Engineers

Computer technology has given rise to new forms and modes of project failures in the construction industry. Engineers are prime targets of claims to recover financial losses caused by these computer-provoked failures. Thus, engineers should have a basic understanding of their legal responsibilities associated with the use of computers. In order to foster such an understanding, this paper discusses examples of how computer accidents can occur in the construction industry and examines the legal ramifications to engineers, discusses potential recourse theories engineers may have against hardware and software vendors or insurers, and identifies measures engineers can take to reduce the likelihood of an accident and the corresponding likelihood of a claim.     

Open-ended categorization of chick-a-dee calls by black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla).

The authors trained black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) in an operant discrimination with exemplars of black-capped and Carolina chick-a-dee calls, with the goal of determining whether the birds memorized the calls of conspecifics and heterospecifics or classified the calls by species. Black-capped calls served as both rewarded (S+) and unrewarded (S-) stimuli (the within-category discrimination), whereas Carolina chick-a-dee calls served as S-s (the between-category discrimination) in the black-capped chick-a-dee call S+ group. The Carolina call S+ group had Carolina calls as S+s and S-s (within-category) and black-capped calls as S-s (between-category). Both groups discriminated between call categories faster than within a call category. In 2 subsequent experiments, both S+ groups showed transfer to novel calls and propagation back to between-category calls. The results favor the hypothesis that the acoustically similar social calls of the 2 species constitute separate open-ended categories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses: Reliability and validity of operationalizing DSM—IV criteria into a self-report format: Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by L. B. Mintz et al (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1997 [Jan], Vol 44[1], 63–79). On page 78, a reference to work by C. G. Fairburn et al was cited incorrectly and is corrected here. Also, there were 3 text citations that contained errors which are corrected here. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1997-02519-008.) The Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Q-EDD) operationalizes eating disorder criteria of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and differentiates (a) between those with and without an eating disorder diagnosis, (b) among eating-disordered, symptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals, and (c) between those with anorexia and bulimia diagnoses. Three studies examined the Q-EDD's psychometric properties. Convergent validity was supported by correspondence between Q-EDD diagnoses and established inventory scores. Criterion validity was supported by high correspondence between Q-EDD and interview or clinician diagnoses. Incremental validity was supported by greater accuracy of Q-EDD diagnoses than those yielded by an established inventory. Test-retest reliability and interscorer agreement were very good. Future use is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant play.

This study examined the relationship between smile type and play type during parent–infant interactions in the home. Thirty-six mother–infant and father–infant dyads were videotaped playing for 10 min. Smile type (basic, Duchenne, and duplay smiles) and play type (object, physical, vocal, and book reading) were coded. Results of loglinear analysis indicated that different types of smiles occur during different types of play more often than expected if distributed equally. In addition, different smile-type and play-type patterns occurred for father–infant dyads compared with mother–infant dyads. Qualitative analyses were used to generate hypotheses about the reasons why different types of smiles occurred during various play activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)