Technique and Calculation Results of Currents and Voltages in the Circuits of the Measuring Element of the Protection Device of the Transmission Line Based on the Control of Transient Processes

The specifics of generation of the signals of current and voltage in the circuits of a directional element of wave relay protection during short circuit (SC) in overhead power transmission lines are considered. The computing method of transient processes in the protection circuits, including frequency filters, that attenuate the parameters of currents and voltages of the mode taking into account the higher harmonic components and probable deviations of the frequency of transmission line from the rated value is presented. It is revealed that it is advisable to implement the measuring circuits of the directional elements of wave relay protection with the three-section filter attenuating the frequencies from 45 to 55 Hz and the low pass filter with cutoff frequency that does not exceed 1 kHz.     

Application of Zeolite Y-Based Ni–W Supported and In Situ Prepared Catalysts in the Process of Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking

The activity of supported and in situ synthesized sulfide Ni–W catalysts based on a low-silicon zeolite Y (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 5.2) in the hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil is studied. It is shown that the temperature and time of reaction affect the fractional composition and the sulfur content in conversion products. It is found that the phase of tungsten sulfide as well as the mixed Ni?W?S phase active in hydrogenation are formed on the catalyst surface. It is proposed that an increase in activity for the in situ formed catalyst may be explained by a high content of sulfide phases on the catalyst surface and accessibility of the zeolite pore system.     

Exact 3D Thermoelectroelastic Analysis of Piezoelectric Plates through a Sampling Surfaces Method

The article focuses on the use of the method of sampling surfaces (SaS) to exact three-dimensional (3D) solutions of the steady-state problem of thermoelectroelasticity for piezoelectric laminated plates subjected to thermal loading. The SaS method is based on selecting inside the nth layer I_n not equally spaced SaS parallel to the middle surface of the plate in order to choose temperatures, electric potentials, and displacements of these surfaces as basic plate variables. This permits the representation of the proposed thermopiezoelectric plate formulation in a very compact form. The SaS are located inside each layer at Chebyshev polynomial nodes that improves the convergence of the SaS method significantly. As a result, the SaS method can be applied to 3D exact solutions of thermoelectroelasticity for piezoelectric laminated plates with a specified accuracy using the sufficient number of SaS.     

Simulation of formation of nanostructures during sputtering of the surface by ion bombardment

The results of the investigation of a spatially nonlocal model of surface erosion by the ion bombardment are presented. It is shown that the equilibrium states of the surface in the scope of the model are the plane and a terrace-like profile. Critical values of the bombardment angle and surface diffusion, at which the equilibrium states are lost to perturbations in the form of traveling waves, are determined. The obtained results allow us to explain the main form of the surface topography formed during ion sputtering of the surface, and to determine their parameters, the existence region, and the sequence of appearance.     

Non‐linear exact geometry 12‐node solid‐shell element with three translational degrees of freedom per node

This paper presents the finite rotation exact geometry (EG) 12‐node solid‐shell element with 36 displacement degrees of freedom. The term ‘EG’ reflects the fact that coefficients of the first and second fundamental forms of the reference surface and Christoffel symbols are taken exactly at each element node. The finite element formulation developed is based on the 9‐parameter shell model by employing a new concept of sampling surfaces (S‐surfaces) inside the shell body. We introduce three S‐surfaces, namely, bottom, middle and top, and choose nine displacements of these surfaces as fundamental shell unknowns. Such choice allows one to represent the finite rotation higher order EG solid‐shell element formulation in a very compact form and to derive the strain–displacement relationships, which are objective, that is, invariant under arbitrarily large rigid‐body shell motions in convected curvilinear coordinates. The tangent stiffness matrix is evaluated by using 3D analytical integration and the explicit presentation of this matrix is given. The latter is unusual for the non‐linear EG shell element formulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The P300 component of the auditory evoked potential in the posttraumatic vegetative state

The dynamic studies of P300 component of the acoustic evoked potential were conducted in 12 patients in posttraumatic state of the autonomic system. The amplitude and time parameters of P300 were analyzed, its spatial distribution over the cortex, and features of generation. The obtained results were compared with the normative data. Significant changes in P300 in comparison with the normal characteristics were revealed in patients with the absence of conscious mental activity. These changes were maximally expressed when the state of patients was irreversible. In case of patients' outcome from the studied state the amplitude-temporal and topographic response characteristics tended to normalization but did not reach it completely. The obtained results allow us to consider the P300 component as one of the most informative indices in consciousness recovery after severe brain injury.     

Ether lipids and platelet-activating factor: evolution and cellular function

This review considers the relation between the evolution of ether lipids and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in living organisms for the first time. Ether lipids are shown to be the main structural lipid components in the cells of the most primitive organisms on the Earth; during evolution they were gradually substituted for lipids with ester and vinyl bonds. Synthesis of PAF has been found in some bacteria, protozoans, yeasts, plants, marine invertebrates, lower vertebrates, and mammals. The regulatory role of PAF is suggested to already appear in protozoans and later be maintained during the subsequent evolution of living organisms. During evolution, functions of PAF in the cell have been changing and enlarging, while ether lipids have been gradually losing their role as the main structural lipid component of the cells of living organisms.