SORPTION EQUILIBRIUM OF COPPER BY PARTIALLY-COAGULATED CALCIUM ALGINATE GEL

The sorption equilibrium of dissolved copper by spherical partially-coagulated gels of calcium alginate was investigated in this work. The gels were formed by dispensing a viscous algin (food grade sodium alginate from kelp) solution with a multi-tip dispenser into 0.05 M CaCl₂ solution in a loop fluidized bed reactor. The resultant semi-rigid spherical gels were then transferred to another reactor operated batch wise to absorb dissolved copper at low concentrations (10-40 ppm). When the concentration of the inert neutral salt NaNO₃, added to the reactor fluid was 0.01 M, the amount of copper absorbed was found to be substantially higher than that at 0.1 MNaN0₃. The conventional Langmuir's model based on the concentration of copper in solution yielded different values of conditional stability constant at different ionic strengths in the reactor fluid. However, by defining the copper-binding stability constant on the basis of copper activity in the gel phase with the competition from calcium for metal binding sites taken into account, a unique copper-binding stability constant and a unique calcium-binding stability constant were obtained. The numerical procedure for estimating the activity of copper in the gel fluid was modified from Jang et al. Water Research, 1990, in press).     

Anisotropically ordered liquid crystalline epoxy network on carbon fiber surface

Summary Anisotropic orientation of liquid crystalline epoxy(LCE) resin on carbon fiber(CF) surface was investigated and it was correlated with curing behavior and thermomechanical properties of LCE. Anisotropic orientation of a LCE resin was spontaneously induced on CF surface along a long molecular axis of CF during curing and the anisotropic orientation was maintained after curing. Curing of LCE was accelerated by alignment of LCE on CF and anisotropic orientation of LCE enhanced dynamic modulus of CF reinforced LCE composites.     

Universal yield stress function for biocompatible chitosan based-electrorheological fluid: Effect of particle concentration

Electrorheological (ER) response of biocompatible particles suspended in an insulating silicone oil, was investigated under several different applied external electric field strengths. Chitosan, a biodegradable polysaccharide, was used as anhydrous ER materials. The effect of particle volume concentration on their ER response was examined by focusing on the measurement for rheological and electrical properties. The yield stress of chitosan suspended in silicone oil system as a function of applied electric field strength showed different value of slopes for different particle concentrations, however, all data points collapse onto a universal scaling function.     

Three-dimensional modelling of Non-Newtonian fluid flow in a coat-hanger die

The three-dimensional model of isothermal flow of power-law fluid in a coat-hanger die has been developed using finite element method. The shape of coat-hanger die used in the present model was determined according to the previous analytical design equation which is based on one-dimensional flow model in the manifold and the slot. Because uniform flow rate across the die outlet is most important to achieve uniform thickness of extruded polymer sheet or film, flow rate distribution is mainly examined to determine the valid process condition for the design equation as the design parameters are changed. The effects of fluid property in terms of power-law index and process parameters not considered in one-dimensional design equation such as die inlet size and the presence of land were analyzed. Results show that the manifold angle is the most influencing design parameter on flow rate distribution. When the material of different power-law index from design value is processed, the change of power-law index affects the uniformity of flow rate appreciably.     

软件定义网络中利用IMKVS结合NFV的分布式网络负载均衡策略

社交网络和其他云应用程序应该能对从数据中心发出的请求作出快速响应,实现这种请求的技术之一是内存中的键值存储（IMKVS）,它是一种缓存机制,目的是为了提高整体用户体验。一般地,IMKVS系统使用一致性哈希来决定在哪存储目标,一致性哈希使用起来方法简单,但可能引起网络负载的不平衡。为了提高IMKVS的缓存性能,提出一种软件定义网络中利用IMKVS结合NFV的分布式网络负载均衡策略。该策略包含两个阶段,第一阶段设计通用的SDN负载平衡器的模块,以运行不同的负载平衡算法;第二阶段是基于IMKVS的专业化缓存,可以实现通信管理和数据复制。仿真结果表明,相比于一致性哈希,缓存服务器上的负载可改善24%,网络上的负载可改善7%,策略能够使资源利用更合理,获得更好的用户体验。     

Synthesis and characterization of new functional poly(urethane‐imide) crosslinked networks

To synthesize new functional poly(urethane‐imide) crosslinked networks, soluble polyimide from 2,2′‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 4,4′‐oxydianiline, and maleic anhydride and polyurethane prepolymer from polycaprolactone diol, tolylene 2,4‐diisocyanate and hydroxyl ethyl acrylate were prepared. Poly(urethane‐imide) thin films were finally prepared by the reaction between maleimide end‐capped soluble polyimide (PI) and acrylate end‐capped polyurethane (PU). The effect of polyurethane content on dielectric constant, residual stress, morphology, thermal property, and mechanical property was studied by FTIR, prism coupler, Thin Film Stress Analyzer (TFSA), XRD, TGA, DMTA, and Nano‐indentation. Dielectric constant of poly(urethane‐imide) thin films (2.39–2.45) was lower than that of pure polyimide (2.46). Especially, poly(urethane‐imide) thin films with 50% of PU showed lower dielectric constant than other poly(urethane‐imide) thin films did. Lower residual stress and slope in cooling curve were achieved in higher PU content. Compared to typical polyurethane, poly(urethane‐imide) thin films exhibited better thermal stability due to the presence of the imide groups. The glass transition temperature, modulus, and hardness decreased with increase in the flexible PU content even though elongation and thermal expansion coefficient increased. Finally, poly(urethane‐imide) thin films with low residual stress and dielectric constant, which are strongly affected by the morphological structure, chain mobility, and modulus, can be suggested to apply for electronic devices by variation of PU. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 113–123, 2006     

Morphology and mechanical properties of liquid crystalline copolyester and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) blends

Blends of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and a liquid crystalline copolyester (LCP), poly(benzoate-naphthoate), were prepared in a twin-screw extruder. Specimens for mechanical testing were prepared by injection molding. The morphology and mechanical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an Instron tensile tester. SEM studies revealed that finely dispersed spherical domains of the liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) were formed in the PEN matrix, and the inclusions were deformed into fibrils from the spherical droplets with increasing LCP content. The morphology of the blends was found to be affected by their composition and a distinct skin-core morphology was found to develop in the injection molded samples of these blends. Mechanical properties were improved with increasing LCP content, and synergistic effects have been observed at 70 wt% LCP content whereas the elongation at break was found to be reduced drastically above 10 wt% of LCP content. This is a characteristic typical of chopped-fiber-filled composites. The improvement in mechanical properties is likely due to the reinforcement of the PEN matrix by the fibrous LCP phase as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The tensile and modulus mechanical behavior of the LCP/PEN blends was very similar to those of the polymeric composite, and the tensile strength and flexural modulus of the LCP/PEN 70/30 blend were two times the value of PEN homopolymer and exceeded those of pure LCP, suggesting LCP acts as a reinforcing agent in the blends.     

Enhancement of combustion efficiency with mixing ratio during fluidized bed combustion of anthracite and bituminous blended coal

In order to investigate the effect of mixing ratio of bituminous coal to blended coal on the enhancement of combustion efficiency, combustion experiments of blended coal with anthracite and bituminous are done in a laboratory scale fluidized bed combustor (10.8 cm ID and 170 cm height). The gross heating values of anthracite and bituminous coal used in this study are 2,810 cal/g and 6,572 cal/g, respectively. Experimental parameters are fuel feed rate, superficial gas velocity and mixing ratio of bituminous coal to blended coal. The combustion efficiency increases with the mixing ratio of bituminous coal due to the lower unburned carbon losses and higher burning velocity of bituminous coal. The rate of combustion in the combustor was increased with mixing ratio resulted from a higher burning velocity of bituminous coal. The measured combustion efficiency experimentally is about 3.5-12.4% higher than that of the calculated value based on the individual combustion of anthracite and bituminous coal under the same operating conditions. The optimum mixing ratio (MR) of bituminous coal determined is around 0.75 in this study. This paper is dedicated to Professor Dong Sup Doh on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

Organic Nanoparticles with Polypropyleneoxide Chains as Support for Metallocene Catalysts: Ethylene Homopolymerization and Ethylene/α-olefin Copolymerization

Summary Novel organic nanoparticles functionalized with nucleophilic polypropyleneoxide (PPO) chains on their surfaces for supporting metallocene catalysts in heterogeneous olefin polymerization are presented. The nanoparticles (60–100 nm) were obtained by miniemulsion polymerization of styrene, divinylbenzene and PPO functionalized styrene. It is demonstrated that Me₂Si(2MeBenzlnd)₂ZrCl₂/MAO supported on these nanoparticles is suitable for the homopolymerization of ethylene, resulting in excellent product morphologies and high activities. lt is shown that by varying the MAO/Zr ratios and Zr concentrations the activities and productivities of the catalysts as well as the qualities of the polyethylene products can be tuned. These new supported catalysts are also suitable for the copolymerization of ethylene with several comonomers (1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene or norbornene). As the obtained product properties like crystallinity, melting temperature or bulk density match the results of silica supported systems, these organic nanoparticles can be considered as alternative carriers in comparison to the established inorganic ones.     

Pathline glyphs

Visualization of pathlines is common and highly relevant for the analysis of unsteady flow. However, pathlines can intersect, leading to visual clutter and perceptual issues. This makes it intrinsically difficult to provide expressive visualizations of the entire domain by an arrangement of multiple pathlines, in contrast to well‐established streamline placement techniques. We present an approach to reduce these problems. It is inspired by glyph‐based visualization and small multiples: we partition the domain into cells, each corresponding to a downscaled version of the entire domain. Inside these cells, a single downscaled pathline is drawn. On the overview scale, our pathline glyphs lead to emergent visual patterns that provide insight into time‐dependent flow behavior. Zooming‐in allows us to analyze individual pathlines in detail and compare neighboring lines. The overall approach is complemented with a context‐preserving zoom lens and interactive pathline‐based exploration. While we primarily target the visualization of 2D flow, we also address the extension to 3D. Our evaluation includes several examples, comparison to other flow visualization techniques, and a user study with domain experts.