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131.
The reliability of a system is the probability that the system will perform its intended mission under given conditions. This
paper provides an overview of the approaches to reliability modelling and identifies their strengths and weaknesses. The models
discussed include structure models, simple stochastic models and decomposable stochastic models. Ignoring time-dependence,
structure models give reliability as a function of the topological structure of the system. Simple stochastic models make
direct use of the properties of underlying stochastic processes, while decomposable models consider more complex systems and
analyse them through subsystems. Petri nets and dataflow graphs facilitate the analysis of complex systems by providing a
convenient framework for reliability analysis. 相似文献
132.
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134.
Silicon Hall sensors are known to suffer from a long-term drift in the magnetic sensitivity between 1% and 4%, depending on the degree of moisture in the mold compound of the package. This drift is mainly caused by changes of mechanical stress exerted by the plastic package onto the die. We present a system, which continuously measures the relevant stress components, estimates the sensitivity drift, and corrects for it digitally. An individual precalibration versus temperature is necessary to achieve the required level of accuracy. Results from laboratory characterization with pressure cells and lifetime drift during qualification runs show that this system can keep the drift of magnetic sensitivity well below 1%. 相似文献
135.
Nanogap impedance biosensors with an electrode separation of 75 nm have been used for the specific detection of biological interactions. Different model systems, such as thrombin-anti-thrombin antibody, and Rev-peptide-anti-Rev aptamer are presented to demonstrate the detectability of different molecular masses at varying concentrations. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the use of reference sensors has been explored. The interaction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) with an anti-PSA antibody is shown to demonstrate the detection at concentrations as low as 10 nM. 相似文献
136.
S. Shivakumara U. Manohar Y. Arthoba Naik T. V. Venkatesha 《Bulletin of Materials Science》2007,30(5):455-462
The influence of a condensation product (CP) of veratraldehyde (VRTD) and p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) on Zn-Ni alloy electrodeposited onto mild steel was studied in acidic sulphate solutions. Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid
(EDTA) and cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) were used as complexing and wetting agents, respectively. The effect of bath
constituents, pH, current density and temperature on nature of deposit were studied through Hull cell experiments. The bath
constituents and operating parameters were optimized. Deposit properties and corrosion resistance were discussed. Throwing
power, current efficiency and polarization studies were carried out. SEM photomicrographs of the deposit obtained from optimum
bath revealed fine-grained deposit of the alloy in the presence of condensation product and hence modified the morphology
of zinc-nickel alloy deposit. IR spectrum of the scrapped deposit showed inclusion of addition agent. 相似文献
137.
Hallbjorner P. Carlberg U. Madsen K. Andersson J. 《Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on》2005,47(2):291-303
Reverberation chambers can be used to measure the absorption cross section of a dielectric object. The absorption cross section of a dielectric object depends on its size, shape, and electrical material parameters. By comparing with a theoretical model of the absorption cross section, material parameters can be extracted from measurements. A model based on a plane wave approach of incident fields is used here, valid for electrically large material samples in an isotropic environment such as that in a reverberation chamber. Which material parameter can be extracted depends on the properties of the material sample. The presented method combines the accuracy of cavity methods with the flexibility of being able to measure samples of arbitrary size and shape. Because both the reverberation chamber and the material sample are electrically large, the method is particularly useful at millimeter-wave frequencies. 相似文献
138.
Online monitoring by dynamically refining imprecise models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rinner B. Weiss U. 《IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics》2004,34(4):1811-1822
Model-based monitoring determines faults in a supervised system by comparing the available system's measurements with a priori information represented by the system's mathematical model. Especially in technical environments, a monitoring system must be able to reason with incomplete knowledge about the supervised system, to process noisy and erroneous observations and to react within a limited time. We present MOSES, a model-based monitoring system which is based on imprecise models where the structure is known and the parameters may be imprecisely specified by numerical intervals. As a consequence, only bounds on the trajectories can be derived with imprecise models. These bounds are computed using traditional numerical integration techniques starting from individual points on the external surface of the model's uncertainty space. When new measurements from the supervised system become available, MOSES checks the consistency of this new information with the model's prediction and refutes inconsistent parts from the uncertainty space of the model. A fault in the supervised system is detected when the complete model's uncertainty space has been refuted. MOSES bridges and extends methodologies from the FDI and DX communities by refining the model's uncertainty space conservatively through refutation, by applying standard numerical techniques for deriving the trajectories of imprecise models and by exploiting the measurements as soon as possible for online monitoring. The performance of MOSES is evaluated based on examples and by online monitoring a complex heating system. 相似文献
139.
Stress Intensity Factors for Complete Circumferential Surface Cracks in Thermally Shocked Pipes In the case of an emergency cooling of a reactor thermal stresses are generated in the pipes of the primary loop, which may be described conservatively as a thermal shock problem. In this paper complete interior circumferential surface cracks loaded by these thermal stresses are considered. By means of the weight function method stress intensity factors were calculated for this loading case. 相似文献
140.
Yantao Shen E. Winder Ning Xi C.A. Pomeroy U.C. Wejinya 《Mechatronics, IEEE/ASME Transactions on》2006,11(4):420-427
This paper presents a closed-loop optimally controlled force-sensing technology with applications in both micromanipulation and microassembly. The microforce-sensing technology in this paper is based on a cantilevered composite beam structure with embedded piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) actuating and sensing layers. In this type of sensor, the application of an external load causes deformation within the PVDF sensing layer. This generates a signal that is fed through a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) optimal servoed controller to the PVDF actuating layer. This in turn generates a balancing force to counteract the externally applied load. As a result, a closed feedback loop is formed, which causes the tip of this highly sensitive sensor to remain in its equilibrium position, even in the presence of dynamically applied external loads. The sensor's stiffness is virtually improved as a result of the equilibrium position whenever the control loop is active, thereby enabling accurate motion control of the sensor tip for fine micromanipulation and microassembly. Furthermore, the applied force can be determined in real time through measurement of the balance force. 相似文献