Discounting future green: Money versus the environment.

In 3 studies, participants made choices between hypothetical financial, environmental, and health gains and losses that took effect either immediately or with a delay of 1 or 10 years. In all 3 domains, choices indicated that gains were discounted more than losses. There were no significant differences in the discounting of monetary and environmental outcomes, but health gains were discounted more and health losses were discounted less than gains or losses in the other 2 domains. Correlations between implicit discount rates for these different choices suggest that discount rates are influenced more by the valence of outcomes (gains vs. losses) than by domain (money, environment, or health). Overall, results indicate that when controlling as many factors as possible, at short to medium delays, environmental outcomes are discounted in a similar way to financial outcomes, which is good news for researchers and policy makers alike. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Complexities of operating in foreign property markets

The world is on the brink of an unprecedented growth-related ecological crisis that could well undermine prospects for global civilization. Nevertheless, the global community seems ‘in flight from thinking’ about the implications of the threat and unwilling to contemplate the policy remedies necessary to change the course of history. Biological and cultural factors combine to inhibit clear understanding and effective corrective action. Mainstream ‘solutions’ – hybrid cars, green buildings, smart growth, the new urbanism – are thus rooted in denial and delusional. These approaches do not address the fundamental problem of ‘overshoot’, but rather attempt to maintain the growth-bound status quo through efficiency gains and related technological ‘fixes’. This might actually worsen the situation. Achieving sustainability requires that such marginal reform give way to a complete rethink of society's relationship with nature. Developed societies need a new, more adaptive cultural mythology. The building sector arguably has greater material leverage in reducing the human ecological footprint than any other major industrial sector. Acceptance of the guidelines developed in this paper would revolutionize the industry and reorient it geographically. The question is: does the industry have the intellectual courage and practical momentum to assume a lead role in the sustainability campaign?

Le monde est au bord d'une crise écologique sans précédent, liée à la croissance, qui pourrait bien saper les perspectives d'avenir de la civilisation mondiale. Néanmoins, la communauté mondiale semble se refuser à penser aux implications de cette menace et ne pas se résoudre à envisager les remèdes politiques nécessaires pour modifier le cours de l'histoire. Les facteurs biologiques et culturels se conjuguent pour entraver une compréhension claire et la prise de mesures correctives efficaces. C'est la dénégation et l'illusion qui se trouvent ainsi être à l'origine des « solutions » dominantes – voitures hybrides, bâtiments verts, croissance intelligente, le nouvel urbanisme. Ces approches ne traitent pas du problème fondamental du « dépassement écologique » [des capacités productives de la Terre], mais tentent de maintenir le statu quo lié à la croissance grâce à des gains de rendement et aux « palliatifs » technologiques qui leur sont liés. Cela pourrait en fait aggraver la situation. Parvenir à un environnement durable nécessite qu'une réforme aussi minime cède le pas à une relation de la société à la nature totalement repensée. Les sociétés développées ont besoin d'une nouvelle mythologie culturelle, dotée d'une plus grande capacité d'adaptation. L'on peut soutenir que, s'agissant de réduire l'empreinte écologique de l'humanité, le secteur du bâtiment a une influence matérielle plus grande qu'aucun autre secteur industriel important. L'acceptation des directives développées dans cet article révolutionnerait l'industrie et la réorienterait géographiquement. La question est: l'industrie a-t-elle le courage intellectuel et le dynamisme pratique pour assumer un rôle leader dans la campagne en faveur d'un environnement durable?

Mots clés: comportement, cadre bâti, changement climatique, comportement cognitif, narrations culturelles, dépassement écologique, développement durable     

Inverter nonlinearity effects in high-frequency signal-injection-based sensorless control methods

An analysis of pulsewidth-modulation inverter nonlinearities influencing high-frequency carrier-signal voltage injection for saliency-tracking-based rotor/flux position estimation is presented in this paper. Distortion of the injected carrier voltage caused by the nonlinear behavior of the inverter has been reported to cause errors in the estimated rotor/flux position. Though a number of techniques have been developed to compensate for inverter nonlinearities, they have not been proven to be effective when a high-frequency low-magnitude voltage needs to be generated. Both the origins of the distortion as well as the requirements for compensation methods to be effective when producing such high-frequency voltages will be established in this paper.     

Impairments of manual tracking performance during spaceflight: more converging evidence from a 20-day space mission

Studies of human performance during spaceflight have consistently revealed degradations of manual tracking performance in space. The present investigation analysed these performance decrements in more detail by applying frequency-response analyses of tracking performance. It was hypothesized that tracking impairments result from two factors: at an early adaptation phase in space they primarily reflect effects of microgravity on human visuo-motor processes, whereas later into the mission they are also caused by impairments of attentional processes induced by cumulative workload and fatigue. In order to investigate this hypothesis, performance of one cosmonaut in a first-order unstable tracking task was repeatedly assessed before, during and after a 20-day space mission. Single-case statistical analyses revealed the following effects: tracking performance declined at the first assessment in space and in two later inflight sessions compared to pre-flight baseline. Whereas the early tracking decrement was mainly due to an increase of the effective time-delay during tracking and accompanied by only minor changes of mood or workload, one of the later inflight impairments was due to an increase of effective time-delay, a decreased tracking gain, and an increase of tracking remnant, and both were associated with considerably higher workload ratings. This pattern of effects supports the two-factor hypothesis.     

A rotor lamination design for surface permanent magnet retention athigh speeds

A major problem in the design and manufacturing of surface mounted permanent magnet machines is reliably holding the permanent magnets in place at high speeds. This paper evaluates a unique rotor lamination design for a high pole number, permanent magnet alternator. This buried magnet design, which is capable of reliably holding the permanent magnets in place at high speeds, offers both easier and cheaper assembly when compared with the methods currently used in surface mounted permanent magnet machines. Finite element analysis is used to compare the buried magnet design with equivalent surface mounted designs and shows that the performance of the alternator is not significantly affected by the iron over the magnets. Experimental results from a prototype alternator further corroborate the FEA and show that the design is capable of operating at high speeds with no other means of magnet retention. In addition, an improvement in the buried magnet design which can reduce the lamination complexity is suggested and examined     

Flux-based active filter controller

This paper presents a synchronous frame flux-based control method for a parallel active filter application. The flux-based controller directly implements the inverter switchings in the synchronous reference frame by a hysteresis rule-based carrier-less pulse-width modulation (PWM) strategy to achieve high current bandwidth. This paper addresses the issues and impact on parallel active filtering requirements for utility interface of commonly used harmonic front-ends. The synchronous frame flux-based controller provides additional insights for harmonic current compensation requirements. Simulation results provide the validation of the flux-based active filter controller to meet IEEE Standard 519 recommended harmonic standards for large rated nonlinear loads under balanced and unbalanced supply conditions