中国人—野猪冲突时空特征及对生态系统“反服务”的启示

中国农村社会经济转型背景下,生态系统“反服务”现象频现,如何协同生态保护与社会经济发展面临巨大挑战。本文基于收集的733件典型人—野猪冲突（又称野猪“肇事”）事件资料,采用荟萃分析法研究了2000—2021年中国野猪“肇事”事件的时空分布、危害和驱动因素。在此期间,野猪“肇事”的数量、空间范围和危害程度均呈递增趋势,涉及省、市和区（县）数量分别由初期的18个、41个和67个增至近期的25个、147个和399个,相应增幅分别为39%、259%和496%。其中2005年以前野猪“肇事”集中在重庆市和湖北省中西部,之后向四周扩张,2015年以后集中在四川盆地、黄土高原、长江中下游以及长白山等丘陵山区,表现形式以破坏农作物、侵害家禽和致人伤亡为主,尤以对农作物的破坏并导致耕地撂荒最为普遍,并伴随致人伤亡事件的快速增加,约占“肇事”总数量的1/4(23.66%)。目前情况下,野猪“肇事”蔓延趋势和危害性是一种典型的生态系统“反服务”现象,这种现象的加剧是生态恢复、禁猎政策、农地与生态用地界线不清、野猪生存力强且缺少天敌等因素的综合作用结果,对撂荒地利用、农户生计改善以及区域生态安全维持已构成明显...     

深水浊流形成过程的水动力学模拟:以南海北部琼东南盆地浊流形成过程为例

Turbidity currents represent a major agent for sediment transport in lakes, seas and oceans. In particu-lar, they formulate the most significant clastic accumulations in the deep sea, which become many of the world＇s most important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Several boreholes in the Qiongdongnan Basin, the north-western South China Sea, have recently revealed turbidity current deposits as significant hydrocarbon res-ervoirs. However, there are some arguments for the potential provenances. To solve this problem, it is es-sential to delineate their sedimentary processes as well as to evaluate their qualities as reservoir. Numerical simulations have been developed rapidly over the last several years, offering insights into turbidity current behaviors, as geologically significant turbidity currents are difficult to directly investigate due to their large scale and often destructive nature. Combined with the interpretation of the turbidity system based on high-resolution 3D seismic data, the paleotophography is acquired via a back-stripping seismic profile integrated with a borehole, i.e., Well A, in the western Qiongdongnan Basin; then a numerical model is built on the basis of this back-stripped profile. After defining the various turbidity current initial boundary conditions, includ-ing grain size, velocity and sediment concentration, the structures and behaviors of turbidity currents are investigated via numerical simulation software ANSYS FLUENT. Finally, the simulated turbidity deposits are compared with the interpreted sedimentary bodies based on 3D seismic data and the potential provenances of the revealed turbidites by Well A are discussed in details. The simulation results indicate that a sedimen-tary body develops far away from its source with an average grain size of 0.1 mm, i.e., sand-size sediment. Taking into account the location and orientation of the simulated seismic line, the consistence between normal forward simulation results and the revealed cores in Well A indicates that the turbidites should ha     

琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷沉积微相特征

中央峡谷位于南海北部琼东南盆地深水区,是琼东南盆地深水区油气勘探的重点区域。迄今为止,对于峡谷的成因及沉积微相的认识,不同学者有不同的观点。近来,峡谷内又新增了多口钻井,系统的分析总结峡谷的充填期次、沉积微相的划分及骨架砂体的展布意义重大,将直接影响到峡谷下一步的勘探部署。因此,本文以钻井资料为基础,通过岩矿特征、粒度分析、沉积构造、古生物特征、测井相等的分析,再结合高分辨率三维地震资料,综合分析了地震剖面、均方根振幅属性、多种切片技术等地震相特征,根据从点到面的研究思路对黄流组时期（S₄₀～S₃₀）中央峡谷发育的沉积微相进行了精细研究,研究表明琼东南盆地中央峡谷为大型侵蚀型水道,具有曲流水道特征,类似陆上曲流河沉积,发育点砂坝、天然堤复合体、泥质水道等沉积微相;综合构造背景、古地貌及古地貌与平面沉积相叠合图的研究表明,点砂坝主要发育于峡谷古地形的弯曲处,系水道不断迁移摆动而形成的侧向加积体,地震剖面上表现为强振幅叠瓦状前积型特征,岩性为块状细砂岩夹薄层泥岩,测井曲线GR呈中-高幅箱形夹薄层低幅齿形,为正旋回沉积特征。点砂坝规模不等,面积约8~20.5 km2;天然堤复合体范围较窄,这可能受峡谷壁的限制作用影响。已钻井也证实,点砂坝作为峡谷水道的骨架砂体,储层物性好,具有良好的勘探前景。     

南海南部陆缘盆地裂陷-漂移-前陆期构造演化及沉积响应:以礼乐盆地为例

通过礼乐盆地构造-地层-沉积分析，查明了其构造演化及沉积充填特征，揭示了其与南海扩张事件的成因联系，为南海边缘海演化研究提供了参考。研究结果表明:礼乐盆地新生代构造-沉积演化经历了3个差异显著的阶段，即古新世-早渐新世陆缘裂陷-滨浅海碎屑岩沉积阶段、晚渐新世-早中新世裂离漂移-浅海碳酸盐岩沉积阶段、中中新世以来周缘前陆挠曲沉降-区域差异沉积阶段。古新世-早渐新世，古南海向东南俯冲，华南古陆陆缘因水平引张力作用发生被动裂陷，形成礼乐盆地；此时以滨浅海环境为主，受碎屑物源供给控制，在盆地西北部发育一系列规模相对较大的辫状河三角洲，礼乐盆地东部、南部邻近古南海，仅在孤立隆起边缘发育规模较小的扇三角洲。晚渐新世-早中新世，古南海持续俯冲，新南海扩张，礼乐-巴拉望地块裂离华南古陆，向南漂移，盆地沉降缓慢，断层活动弱；此时以浅海-半深海环境为主，碎屑物源匮乏，盆地北部发育大型碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁，南部总体为半深海环境。中中新世以来，新南海扩张停止，礼乐-巴拉望地块向菲律宾岛弧俯冲碰撞，礼乐盆地进入周缘前陆期，以非对称挠曲沉降为特点，水深增大，断层活动增强；此时以半深海-浅海为主，盆地北部总体以碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁为特色，盆地南部局部发育深水重力流沉积。礼乐盆地构造-沉积演化与古南海俯冲-消亡、新南海扩张-关闭过程密切相关。      

测井信号小波变换在层序地层划分中的应用——以南海北部莺歌海盆地D14井黄流组为例

本文介绍了小波变换的基本原理和步骤,探讨了测井信号小波变换在层序地层划分中的方法和地质意义。对南海北部莺歌海盆地D14井黄流组自然伽马（GR）测井信号利用Daubechies小波系db5小波进行了一维连续小波变换和一维离散小波变换。根据其时频色谱图特征和高频离散系数曲线特征,将黄流组一段划分出1个长期旋回、3个中期旋回和9个短期旋回。显示出小波变换在测井层序地层划分中较高的分辨率、在识别地质作用中的隐蔽旋回特征的优势。实践证明,将一维连续小波变换和一维离散小波变换进行综合分析,更有利于不同级次的层序旋回识别。     

耕地资产社会保障功能的空间分异研究——不同农业类型区的比较

在中国人多地少和土地产权二元结构背景下,耕地资源一直是农民的“命根子”,其社会保障功能被认为是社会的稳定器,但近年来这一观点受到越来越多的质疑。目前中国农户耕地的社会保障功能还有多大,迫切需要利用详实的数据进行系统性、定量化的测算。基于此,把拥有承包权的耕地看作农户的一项资产,论文选取都市农业区、集约农业区、平原主粮作物区和山地主粮作物区4类典型农业区,实地调查1025户农户家庭,旨在揭示耕地社会保障功能的空间分异规律。结果表明:作为家庭农业的生产资料,耕地投入农业生产所获收益占家庭总收入的比重在各区最高为50%,其中山区不足7%;作为一项养老保障,家庭耕地资产收益对养老需求的贡献率均不足30%,山区甚至不及3%;作为金融抵押品,若以20万元资金需求为例,户均耕地资产可贷款额度均不超过资金需求的20%,而山区仅为1%。现阶段农户耕地资产的社会保障价值已十分微弱,这有助于给出对新时期农村土地保障功能的科学判断。随着城镇化的推进,不同农业类型区农户的耕地收益及资产价值均不断下降,尤其是在农地利用边际化胁迫下的山区,如何减缓山区耕地弃耕撂荒和耕地资产贬值,无疑是乡村振兴战略实施过程中需要重点关注的问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部二叠系山西组古地理特征

本文以高分辨率层序地层学为理论基础,将山西组划分为6个中期旋回层序,并以此为编图单元编制了相应的砂体等厚图、地层等厚图及砂地比等值线图。基于基准面和可容空间的变化,分析了研究区古地理演化特征。研究表明,山32期至山12期,沉积作用以进积-加积为主,发育较大规模三角洲,沉积砂体较厚;山31期至山11期,沉积作用以进积-加积-退积为主,湖岸线向北推进,湖泊具有扩大的趋势;山2期三角洲平原规模较三角洲前缘大,山1期三角洲前缘有缩小的趋势。     

琼东南盆地三亚组陆架边缘三角洲的发现及其油气勘探意义

以琼东南盆地最新钻井和地震资料解释为基础,结合区域地质背景,从岩相、地震相、平面展布及垂向演化等几个方面入手,提出了陆架边缘三角洲这一重要深水储层类型,并与正常陆架三角洲、浅海砂坝的差异进行了对比,研究表明:琼东南盆地北部三亚组一段沉积时期发育陆架边缘三角洲;陆架边缘三角洲沉积于相对海平面下降期,岩性由浅灰色细砂岩-灰白色钙质细砂岩组成了多个反旋回序列,地震剖面上表现为明显前积特征,整体位于陆架边缘附近,明显区别于浅海砂坝和陆架三角洲;通过壁心储层物性分析,陆架边缘三角洲河口坝砂岩以细砂岩为主,单储厚度大、砂岩粒度粗,储层物性较好,鉴于陆架边缘三角洲具有良好的储层特征,有望成为我国深水油气勘探的又一主要靶区,并对其他深水盆地油气勘探具有重要借鉴意义。     

中国土地流转的区域差异及其影响因素（英文）

Land circulation is an important measure that can be utilized to enable agricultural management at a moderate scale.It is therefore imperative to explore spatiotemporal changes in land circulation and the factors that drive these variations in order to maintain and increase the vitality of the land rental market.An initial analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in land circulation is presented in this study on the basis of data from 169,511 farm households between 2003 and 2013.The rural fixed observation point system advocated by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture was utilized for this analysis,and Heckman two-stage models were developed and estimated in order to identify the drivers of regional differences in land circulation at the national scale and at the levels of different terrains.The results of this study show that the rate of land circulation in China rose from 15.09% to 25.1% over the course of the study period,an average rate of 0.8%.More specifically,data show that the rate of land circulation in the south of China has been higher than in the north,that the average land rental payment was 4256.13 yuan per ha,and that 55.05% of households did not pay such a fee during the land circulation process.In contrast,the average rent obtained was 3648.45 yuan per ha nationally even though 52.63% of households did not obtain any payments from their tenants.The results show that land quality,geographic location,transaction costs,and household characteristics have significantly affected land circulation in different regions of China.Specifically,the marginal effects of land quality and geographic location were larger in the plain regions,while transaction cost was the key factor influencing land circulation in the hilly and mountainous regions.The signal identified in this study,rent-free land circulation,is indicative of a mismatch that has led to the marginalization of mountainous regions and higher transaction costs that have reduced the potential value of land resources.Thus,as the opportunity cost of farming continues to rise across China,the depreciation of land assets will become irreversible and the phenomenon of land abandonment will become increasingly prevalent in hilly and mountainous regions in the future.The transaction costs associated with the land rental market should be reduced to mitigate these effects by establishing land circulation intermediaries at the township level,and the critical issues of land abandonment and poverty reduction in hilly and mountainous regions should arouse more attention.     

中国土地流转的区域差异及其影响因素——基于2003-2013年农村固定观察点数据

土地流转是实现农业适度规模经营的必经之路,理解土地流转的空间差异及影响因素具有重要意义。基于2003-2013年农业部农村固定观察点系统的169511个住户样本,本文揭示了中国土地流转的区域差异,并采用Heckman两阶段模型识别土地流转区域差异的影响因素,旨在为促进土地流转提供科学参考。结果发现：① 2003-2013年间,土地流转率从17.09%上升到24.1%,年均增幅近0.7个百分点;南方土地流转较为活跃,比如福建等地流转率超过30%,而北方土地流转率较低;② 转入土地支付租金平均为283.74元/亩,55.05%的转入户并未支付租金;相反,转出土地获得租金为243.23元/亩,52.63%的农户转出土地未获得租金;目前中国土地的“零租金”流转率超过50%;③ 土地质量、地理区位、交易费用、家庭及村庄特征等对土地流转的区域差异具有显著影响;土地质量和地理区位在平原地区的边际效应较大,但在丘陵和山区,交易成本已成为影响土地流转的重要因素。土地“零租金”流转的实质是土地资源错配的一种表现,丘陵和山区边际化及交易费用偏高降低了土地资源的潜在价值。政府应努力降低土地流转中面临的各类交易费用,建立健全土地流转的补偿机制,同时关注丘陵和山区的土地资产贬值和撂荒现象。