Precipitation chemistry and atmospheric processes in the forested part of Croatia

The influence of mesoscale weather patterns on the chemical composition of daily precipitation samples is analysed. The data of pH, sulphur from sulphates and total nitrogen are analysed for two rural sites: Plitvice station in forested part of Central Croatia (1981 to 1990) and Puntijarka suburban station on the mountain near Zagreb, the capital of Croatia (1982–1991). The two prevailing weather types in precipitation days are selected and the comparison of chemical composition of precipitation is made for each of them. The frequency distributions of pH, sulphur and nitrogen show that concentration of major ions in precipitation apparently depends on the regional scale weather type. It is shown that the seasonal variation of deposition is related to the seasonal variation in precipitation amount. In both weather types Plitvice receives more pollution than Puntijarka that is closer to urban and industrial pollution sources. Both locations are under the prevailing influence of regional pollution sources.     

Feynman's path-integral approach for intense-laser-atom interactions

Atoms interacting with intense laser fields can emit electrons and photons of very high energies. An intuitive and quantitative explanation of these highly nonlinear processes can be found in terms of a generalization of classical Newtonian particle trajectories, the so-called quantum orbits. Very few quantum orbits are necessary to reproduce the experimental results. These orbits are clearly identified, thus opening the way for an efficient control as well as previously unknown applications of these processes.     

吸水链霉菌桂林新变种的分类研究

从广西桂林的土壤中分离到一株链霉菌（编号为２３４５），它的发酵产物对线虫、菜青虫、松毛虫等畜禽寄生虫及作物害虫等的防治效果显著，它对一些格兰氏阳性菌也有明显的抑制作用，对其进行分类学研究的结果如下：按照链霉菌的分类法，该菌细胞成份属于细胞壁Ｉ型，糖Ｃ型。该菌在高氏培养基、ＩＳＰ－４等培养基上产生丰富的孢子，在斜面上则呈现一片褐色斑。该菌在培养特征、碳源利用以及形态特征等方面均近似于淡紫灰吸水链霉菌，但对淀粉利用能力很强。另外，它对枯草杆菌、藤黄八叠球菌等阳性菌的抗菌作用强，尤其是它的发酵产物可以杀死禽畜体内的线虫，故属淡紫灰吸水链霉菌桂林变种Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓｌａｖｅｎｄｕｌｏｈｙｇｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｓｖａｒ．ｇｕｉｌｉｎｎ．Ｘｉａ．     

亚硝酸盐和亚硝胺在食品中的作用及其机理

本文综述了亚硝酸盐在肉中的效用、危害及其化学和微生物学机理;食品中亚硝胺的生成、含量及被人体摄入情况;食品中亚硝胺的来源及减少其含量的办法。     

National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.     

Mass spectrometry of intact V-type ATPases reveals bound lipids and the effects of nucleotide binding

The ability of electrospray to propel large viruses into a mass spectrometer is established and is rationalized by analogy to the atmospheric transmission of the common cold. Much less clear is the fate of membrane-embedded molecular machines in the gas phase. Here we show that rotary adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases)/synthases from Thermus thermophilus and Enterococcus hirae can be maintained intact with membrane and soluble subunit interactions preserved in vacuum. Mass spectra reveal subunit stoichiometries and the identity of tightly bound lipids within the membrane rotors. Moreover, subcomplexes formed in solution and gas phases reveal the regulatory effects of nucleotide binding on both ATP hydrolysis and proton translocation. Consequently, we can link specific lipid and nucleotide binding with distinct regulatory roles.     

猪体外成熟卵母细胞的电激活及其激活后的体外培养

 主要研究了猪体外成熟卵母细胞电激活的条件以及孤雌激活胚胎的体外培养体系。用不同场强、脉冲时程和脉冲次数激活猪体外成熟的卵母细胞。结果表明 ,在本试验条件下电激活最佳场强和脉冲时程为 130V·mm-1/ 80 μs ,其囊胚发育率为 (2 0 .12± 8.18) % (P >0 .0 5 )。多次脉冲并不比单次脉冲的激活效果好 (P >0 .0 5 )。孤雌激活胚胎用不同培养方式和气体环境在体外培养 7d ,发现 7d不换液与第 5天换液和第 5天换含 10 %胎牛血清的培养液其囊胚发育率 [分别为 (2 5 .30± 7.5 5 ) %、(2 6 .4 4± 8.35 ) %和 (17.6 8± 5 .39) % ]无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,后两者换液培养方式其囊胚细胞数 (15 .78± 5 .4 6、14 .5 5± 4 .81)明显低于不换液的 (18.0 1± 6 .79,P <0 .0 1)。同时发现低氧 (5 %CO2 ∶7%O2 ∶88%N2 )气体环境培养的胚胎囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数和高氧环境 (5 %CO2 的空气 )无明显差别 ,分别为 [(2 0 .78± 8.80 ) %、17.0 0± 6 .12和 (2 5 .30± 7.5 5 ) %、18.0 1± 6 .79,P >0 .0 5 ]。表明激活后第 5天换原液和换含胎牛血清的培养液不能提高囊胚细胞数。低氧 (5 %CO2 ∶7%O2 ∶88%N2 )气体环境培养猪胚胎的效果不比高氧环境 (5 %CO2 的空气 )好。     

黄土高原典型植被覆盖下SPAC系统水量平衡模拟

应用土壤-水-大气-植物整合模型(SWAP),在野外观测试验基础上对坡耕地(豆地)、长芒草地和苜蓿草地土壤-植被-大气系统中的水循环进行了数值模拟.结果表明,土壤水分和储水量模拟结果与实测值具有很好的一致性;长芒草地水分收支基本平衡,苜蓿草地的水分支出是坡耕地(豆地)的1.38倍,其中苜蓿的蒸腾耗水量是坡耕地(豆地)的3.88倍,这是引起苜蓿草地群落过度消耗土壤储水而呈现负补偿的主要原因.农地退耕还林还草后会增加SPAC系统水分支出,如果植被群落耗水过大很可能使土壤干化.     

Absence of geographical structure of morphological variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus oxycedrus</Emphasis> L. subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">oxycedrus</Emphasis> in the Balkan Peninsula

We examined leaf and mature seed cone variation of Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in 12 natural populations across the species range in the Balkan Peninsula. We measured 10 morphological traits from a minimum of 100 leaves in each of 190 individuals, and two morphological traits from 30–50 seed cones in each of 94 females. High phenotypic variation was found, but no geographical structure or cline across populations was detected for any of the studied traits. Mean values of comparable leaf and cone morphological traits did not differ considerably from values reported elsewhere. Gender dimorphism in leaf morphology was detected, but it was not distributed uniformly throughout the studied area. An ANOVA model with both nested and crossed effects revealed that the largest proportion of the total variation was, as expected, contained within populations, partly as among-tree variation (18–47%, depending on the trait) and partly as within-tree variation (33–77%), which was remarkably high. Gender dimorphism explained only 0–3% of the total variation. Differences among populations (2–23%) were significant for all studied traits except one; however, PCA showed no clear geographical differentiation of the studied populations. This lack of phylogeographical structure may be the consequence of repeatedly occurring colonisation-retreat scenarios and suggests the existence of several small refugial populations scattered over a large part of the Balkan Peninsula in the Pleistocene. Further research including palaeobotanical and molecular genetic studies will be needed to better understand the forces that shaped current variation patterns of J. oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in the Balkan Peninsula.