Postpartum psychiatric disorders: Their relationship to psychological adjustment and marital satisfaction in the spouses.

The authors examined mental health and marital quality in an index group of spouses of women with postpartum psychiatric disorders and a control group of men whose wives had recently given birth but had no such disorders. At 6 to 9 weeks postpartum, couples underwent a psychiatric interview and completed self-report measures of psychological symptoms, marital satisfaction, and changes in couple and family functioning since the birth. Index spouses reported more symptoms and had lower Global Assessment of Functioning (R. L. Spitzer, J. B. W. Williams, M. Gibbon, & M. B. First, 1990) scores than controls. Index men reported greater marital dissatisfaction and more change in household routines, recreation, and intimacy with their partners than controls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Simplified hydrolysis of cellulose and substituted cellulose: Observations on trifluoroacetic acid hydrolyses

Hydrolyses of selected soluble polysaccharides (e.g., polyoses) and disordered and crystalline celluloses, each bearing 2-diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) substituents at low degree of substitution (DS < 0.05) were explored in 100% and 2N trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Analyses were evaluated relative to hydrolysis with 72% sulfuric acid. DEAE–polyoses hydrolyzed readily in 100% and 2 N TFA during extended reaction periods with complete liberation of DEAE–glucoses. Hydrolyses of cellulose and DEAE–celluloses in 100% TFA were critically dependent upon cautious incremental dilution of the TFA during stepwise reaction to avoid precipitation of incompletely hydrolyzed products. DEAE–celluloses were partially solubilized and hydrolyzed in heterogeneous reaction in 2N TFA at 121°C. Complete liberation of DEAE-glucoses in the solubilized components was achieved after supplementary hydrolysis at 121°C. In all hydrolyses, including those with 72% sulfuric acid, extended hydrolyses were essential for complete liberation of the 2-O- and 6-O-DEAE–glucoses. Under optimum conditions, results of hydrolyses in 100% TFA were comparable to those in 72% sulfuric acid. Ease of release of DEAE-glucopyranoses in hydrolyses of DEAE-cellulose in 2N TFA was in the same order (3-O- > 6-O-> 2-O-) as in homogeneous hydrolyses in sulfuric acid and in 100% TFA. Differences in release of isomeric DEAE–glucoses were greater in the heterogenous system. Degradation of glucose and DEAE–glucopyranoses occurred in extended periods of reaction in all acidic media. Rates of degradation of glucose and DEAE–glucopyranoses in dilute acid at 100°C were similar for glucose and 6-O-DEAE–glucose. The rates were about half as fast for 3-O-DEAE–glucose and an order of magnitude lower for 2-O-DEAE–glucose.     

Causal reasoning in the attribution of rare and common events.

Three studies investigated causal reasoning when 2 dispositions—one more common than the other—are both consistently associated with a behavior. Ss rated the rare disposition as the more important cause when the behavior itself was rare but violated the covariation principle by rating the common disposition as more important when the behavior was relatively common. Results suggest that use of the covariation principle may be the most important heuristic for inferring causality only when the action to be explained is relatively rare. When the behavior is a common one, causal attributions may be more influenced by a principle of generative strength, with observers assigning greater causal importance to the disposition they believe to be stronger. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Paleolimnological evidence of the effects of recent cultural eutrophication during the last 200 years in Lake Malawi,East Africa

To assess the long-term water quality changes in Lake Malawi, paleolimnological reconstructions of four radiometrically dated sediment cores collected in 1997/98 along a longitudinal transect of the lake were based on preserved diatom assemblages, as well as stratigraphies of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and biogenic silica concentrations. Population growth, deforestation and intensive agriculture, especially in the southern catchments, have accelerated soil erosion causing rivers to transport greater sediment and nutrient loads into Lake Malawi. Southern cores contain evidence of nutrient enrichment starting around 1940, as indicated by increased silica, carbon and nitrogen influxes. By 1980, increased rates of sedimentation, phosphorus influx, diatom influx, and relative abundances of eutrophic diatom taxa are attributable to accelerated nutrient enrichment accompanying soil erosion. The succession of diatoms in southern Lake Malawi begins with dominance by Aulacoseira nyassensis and Fragilaria africana, followed by a shift in 1980 towards Stephanodiscus, Cyclostephanos and Nitzschia, diatom taxa that have reduced silica requirements. Paleoecological results indicate that patterns of diatom assemblage change are not uniform lake-wide. Evidence of eutrophication extends to central Lake Malawi, but is not observable in the paleo-record from the deeper northern basin. The recent cultural eutrophication of the southern lake has impacted the biogeochemical cycling of silica, the available silica to phosphorus ratios, and the diatom communities of a large portion of Lake Malawi. These results provide a warning that eutrophication of this great lake is underway and will continue unless changes are made to current land use practices within the lake's catchment.     

A Follow-Up Study of Kinder Training for Preschool Teachers of Children Deemed At-Risk.

Authors conducted a follow-up study to Post, McAllister, Sheely, Hess, & Flowers (2004) to determine whether a group of teachers who previously had been taught play therapy training skills maintained the skills and empathic responding in individual play sessions and in the classroom one academic year after the original training. The participating teachers were matched with a control group of untrained teachers. Results showed differences between the trained and untrained teachers on the use of play therapy skills and empathetic responses in individual play sessions. There were no differences found between the trained and untrained teachers on the use of play therapy skills and empathic responses in the classroom setting. In addition, the participating teachers reported the usefulness of the training in focus group dialogues, citing that the new skills improved their classroom behaviors, changed their perspective on the value of including children's opinions, and increased their confidence as teachers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

纳米TiO_2-WO_3复合涂层及纳米TiO_2/WO_3叠层涂层的制备及性能

为了解决电子池材料改性TiO2涂层暗态下无阴极保护作用的问题,用溶胶-凝胶法及浸渍提拉技术在304不锈钢表面制备了纳米TiO2-WO3复合涂层与纳米TiO2/WO3叠层涂层,用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)研究了2种涂层的表面形貌、成分,并用电化学方法研究了2种涂层的光阴极保护特性及耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:2种涂层表面均连续均匀,由Ti,W,O,C组成;紫外光照1 h时2种涂层均对304不锈钢有一定的光阴极保护作用,闭光后纳米TiO2/WO3叠层涂层的延时阴极保护作用远好于纳米TiO2-WO3复合涂层;2种涂层均对304不锈钢有防腐蚀作用,紫外光照射时纳米TiO2-WO3复合涂层的防腐蚀性比纳米TiO2/WO3叠层涂层的好。     

The moral of her story: Exploring the philosophical and religious commitments in Mary Whiton Calkins' self-psychology.

Over the course of 3 decades, from the turn of the century to the late 1920s, Mary Whiton Calkins articulated and defended a system of self-psychology that held that psychology as a field should be organized as the science of selves. Calkins' system was far from popular at the time, which leads one to question why she persisted in dedicating herself to the cause of defending it. Previous research has sought answers to this question through examination of Calkins' experience as a faculty member at Wellesley College. In this article it is additionally argued that Calkins was not prepared to abandon her system of self-psychology because it was intricately connected to her ideas about ethics and morality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)