Re-examining the causal structure of information technology impact research

About 20 years ago, Markus and Robey noted that most research on IT impacts had been guided by deterministic perspectives and had neglected to use an emergent perspective, which could account for contradictory findings. They further observed that most research in this area had been carried out using variance theories at the expense of process theories. Finally, they suggested that more emphasis on multilevel theory building would likely improve empirical reliability. In this paper, we reiterate the observations and suggestions made by Markus and Robey on the causal structure of IT impact theories and carry out an analysis of empirical research published in four major IS journals, Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ), Information Systems Research (ISR), the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), and Information and Organization (I&O), to assess compliance with those recommendations. Our final sample consisted of 161 theory-driven articles, accounting for approximately 21% of all the empirical articles published in these journals. Our results first reveal that 91% of the studies in MISQ, ISR, and EJIS focused on deterministic theories, while 63% of those in I&O adopted an emergent perspective. Furthermore, 91% of the articles in MISQ, ISR, and EJIS adopted a variance model; this compares with 71% from I&O that applied a process model. Lastly, mixed levels of analysis were found in 14% of all the surveyed articles. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.     

Correction of color information of a 3D model using a range intensity image

Most active optical range sensors record, simultaneously with the range image, the amount of light reflected at each measured surface location: this information forms what is called a range intensity image, also known as a reflectance image. This paper proposes a method that uses this type of image for the correction of the color information of a textured 3D model. This color information is usually obtained from color images acquired using a digital camera. The lighting condition for the color images are usually not controlled, thus this color information may not be accurate. On the other hand, the illumination condition for the range intensity image is known since it is obtained from a controlled lighting and observation configuration, as required for the purpose of active optical range measurement. The paper describes a method for combining the two sources of information, towards the goal of compensating for a reference range intensity image is first obtained by considering factors such as sensor properties, or distance and relative surface orientation of the measured surface. The color image of the corresponding surface portion is then corrected using this reference range intensity image. A B-spline interpolation technique is applied to reduce the noise of range intensity images. Finally, a method for the estimation of the illumination color is applied to compensate for the light source color. Experiments show the effectiveness of the correction method using range intensity images.     

Cryptographic and Physical Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems for Solutions of Sudoku Puzzles

We consider cryptographic and physical zero-knowledge proof schemes for Sudoku, a popular combinatorial puzzle. We discuss methods that allow one party, the prover, to convince another party, the verifier, that the prover has solved a Sudoku puzzle, without revealing the solution to the verifier. The question of interest is how a prover can show: (i) that there is a solution to the given puzzle, and (ii) that he knows the solution, while not giving away any information about the solution to the verifier. In this paper we consider several protocols that achieve these goals. Broadly speaking, the protocols are either cryptographic or physical. By a cryptographic protocol we mean one in the usual model found in the foundations of cryptography literature. In this model, two machines exchange messages, and the security of the protocol relies on computational hardness. By a physical protocol we mean one that is implementable by humans using common objects, and preferably without the aid of computers. In particular, our physical protocols utilize items such as scratch-off cards, similar to those used in lotteries, or even just simple playing cards. The cryptographic protocols are direct and efficient, and do not involve a reduction to other problems. The physical protocols are meant to be understood by “lay-people” and implementable without the use of computers. Research of R. Gradwohl was supported by US-Israel Binational Science Foundation Grant 2002246. Research of M. Naor was supported in part by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation. Research of B. Pinkas was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation (grant number 860/06). Research of G.N. Rothblum was supported by NSF grant CNS-0430450 and NSF grant CFF-0635297.     

Severity of delayed (“secondary”) cerebral energy failure after acute hypoxia-ischemia is related to the time integral of acute ATP depletion

The aim of this study was to reproduce the delayed (secondary) cerebral energy failure previously described in birth-asphyxiated newborn infants and to investigate relationships between primary insult severity and the extent of the delayed energy failure. Phosphorus (³¹P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 7 T was used to study the brains of 12 newborn piglets during an acute, reversible, cerebral hypoxic-ischemic episode which continued until nucleotide triphosphates (NTP) were depleted. After reperfusion and reoxygenation, spectroscopy was continued for 48 h. High-energy metabolite concentrations returned to near normal levels after the insult, but later they fell as delayed energy failure developed. The time integral of NTP depletion in the primary insult correlated strongly with the minimum [phosphocreatine (PCr)]/[inorganic orthophosphate (P_i)] observed 24–48 h after the insult. (Linear regression analysis gave slope –8.04 h^–1; ordinate intercept=1.23;r=0.92;P<0.0001.) This model is currently being used to investigate the therapeutic potential of various cerebroprotective strategies including hypothermia.     

Dynamique des lasers à fibre dopée à I’erbium

The dynamics of the erbium doped fiber laser is analysed both experimentally and theoretically. This laser operates spontaneously in self-pulsing, in sinusoidal or in CW regime. Experiments have allowed to determine the control parameters : the cavity losses, the pumping rate and the ion pairs concentration. An antiphase dynamics is observed when the laser operates simultaneously at 1.55 µn and 1.536 µm. The self-pulsing behavior is attributed to a fast energy transfer which occurs between two neighboring ions (pair induced quenching). A simple model considering the active medium as a mixture of isolated ions and ions pairs is developped and leads to a good qualitative agreement with the experimental results.     

On the stochastic timed Pétri nets model and its application to the DQDB protocol

The goal of this paper is twofold : at first, to present the stochastic timed Pétri nets model by emphasizing its ability to express the main characteristics of real time distributed systems (parallelism, synchronization by message exchange, time attributes and in particular time constraints) and to allow both qualitative and quantitative analysis (concept of randomized states graph); second, to show a modeling methodology based on this model that allows a rigorous modeling of theDqdb protocol (Qa access, bwb mechanism role,Pa access influence). A new contribution to theQa mechanism has been done (1).     

Single Nanoparticle Magnetic Spin Memristor

There is an increasing demand for the development of a simple Si‐based universal memory device at the nanoscale that operates at high frequencies. Spin‐electronics (spintronics) can, in principle, increase the efficiency of devices and allow them to operate at high frequencies. A primary challenge for reducing the dimensions of spintronic devices is the requirement for high spin currents. To overcome this problem, a new approach is presented that uses helical chiral molecules exhibiting spin‐selective electron transport, which is called the chiral‐induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. Using the CISS effect, the active memory device is miniaturized for the first time from the micrometer scale to 30 nm in size, and this device presents memristor‐like nonlinear logic operation at low voltages under ambient conditions and room temperature. A single nanoparticle, along with Au contacts and chiral molecules, is sufficient to function as a memory device. A single ferromagnetic nanoplatelet is used as a fixed hard magnet combined with Au contacts in which the gold contacts act as soft magnets due to the adsorbed chiral molecules.     

Colloidal Quantum Dot Infrared Lasers Featuring Sub-Single-Exciton Threshold and Very High Gain

The use of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) as a gain medium in infrared laser devices has been underpinned by the need for high pumping intensities, very short gain lifetimes, and low gain coefficients. Here, PbS/PbSSe core/alloyed-shell CQDs are employed as an infrared gain medium that results in highly suppressed Auger recombination with a lifetime of 485 ps, lowering the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold down to 300 µJ cm⁻², and showing a record high net modal gain coefficient of 2180 cm⁻¹. By doping these engineered core/shell CQDs up to nearly filling the first excited state, a significant reduction of optical gain threshold is demonstrated, measured by transient absorption, to an average-exciton population-per-dot 〈N^th〉_g of 0.45 due to bleaching of the ground state absorption. This in turn have led to a fivefold reduction in ASE threshold at 〈N^th〉_ASE = 0.70 excitons-per-dot, associated with a gain lifetime of 280 ps. Finally, these heterostructured QDs are used to achieve near-infrared lasing at 1670 nm at a pump fluences corresponding to sub-single-exciton-per-dot threshold (〈N^th〉_Las = 0.87). This work brings infrared CQD lasing thresholds on par to their visible counterparts, and paves the way toward solution-processed infrared laser diodes.     

Inferring global pereeptual contours from local features

We address the problem of contour inference from partial data, as obtained from state-of-the-art edge detectors.We argue that in order to obtain more pereeptually salient contours, it is necessary to impose generic constraints such as continuity and co-curvilinearity.The implementation is in the form of a convolution with a mask which encodes both the orientation and the strength of the possible continuations. We first show how the mask, called the Extension field is derived, then how the contributions from different sites are collected to produce a saliency map.We show that the scheme can handle a variety of input data, from dot patterns to oriented edgels in a unified manner, and demonstrate results on a variety of input stimuli.We also present a similar approach to the problem of inferring contours formed by end points. In both cases, the scheme is non-linear, non iterative, and unified in the sense that all types of input tokens are handled in the same manner.This research was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense and was monitored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Contract No. F49620-90-C-0078, and by a NSF Grant under award No. IRI-9024369. The United States Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation hereon.