British female academics and comparative psychology: Attempts to establish a research niche in the early 20th century.

Why was there a preponderance of women engaged in laboratory-based studies of animal behavior in Britain in the early years of the 20th century? As a new experimental subject with recently neglected potential, animal psychology then represented an opportunity for women to make further inroads into academic science. Because the study of psychology before World War I offered negligible professional opportunities for the application of the subject, the intake of students was restricted. Perhaps this encouraged academic access to it by aspiring female scientists who felt that career prospects, uncertain and socially unexpected of them in any case, were worth chancing for greater long-term rewards. The academic circumstances and contributions of 3 British female pioneers in experimental comparative psychology are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward bridging the science and practice of depression prevention: What can we learn from cognitive vulnerability?

Depression is a widespread disorder with devastating individual and societal consequences. Although a great deal of research and theory has focused on treatment of acute episodes, progress needs to be made in preventing the emergence of first episodes of the disorder. There has been considerable advancement in understanding psychological vulnerability factors associated with this mood disorder, especially on the basis of cognitive behavioural models and research findings based on this theoretical model. In this paper we review the concept of cognitive vulnerability, with a particular focus on what this body of research work suggests clinically for the prevention of depression. We outline, based on this science, what the effective ingredients of a prevention program could be. We also discuss some of the pragmatic aspects of developing an effective prevention program for depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Copper-zirconium tungstate composites exhibiting low and negative thermal expansion influenced by reinforcement phase transformations

A fully-dense Cu-75 vol pct ZrW₂O₈ metal matrix composite was fabricated by hot isostatic pressing of Cu-coated ZrW₂O₈ particles. A small amount of the high-pressure γ-ZrW₂O₈ phase was created during the cooldown and depressurization following densification; near complete transformation to γ-ZrW₂O₈ was achieved by subsequent cold isostatic pressing. The thermal expansion behavior of the composite between 25°C and 325°C was altered by the cold isostatic pressing treatment, and also depended on the length of time that had passed between thermal cycles. The measured thermal expansion coefficients within specific temperature ranges varied from −6·10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ to far above the thermal expansion coefficient of the copper matrix. The complex temperature-dependent expansion/contraction behavior could be justified by considering the evolution of phase transformations taking place in the ZrW₂O₈ phase, which were observed by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements.     

An experiment for showing some kind of artificial understanding

In this paper we design an experiment which can be depicted as a simple scenario, a very limited 'world'. In this world, there are an actor that can pursue a project and an observer that is keeping its eyes on the actor. We try to show in the experiment that the observer can to some degree understand the actor based on its knowledge and some metaphors, i.e. understand what the actor is doing and why. As the conclusion of this experiment, we try to show some features of 'understanding'. These are (1) that 'understanding' has to be based on some preliminary knowledge; (2) that 'understanding' is a process of incremental learning; (3) that, as for symbolic systems, some metaphors are necessary for mapping real entities into concepts in mind.     

Another Perspective on Vocabulary Richness

This article examines the usefulness ofvocabulary richness for authorship attributionand tests the assumption that appropriatemeasures of vocabulary richness can capture anauthor's distinctive style or identity. Afterbriefly discussing perceived and actualvocabulary richness, I show that doubling andcombining texts affects some measures incomputationally predictable but conceptuallysurprising ways. I discuss some theoretical andempirical problems with some measures anddevelop simple methods to test how wellvocabulary richness distinguishes texts bydifferent authors. These methods show thatvocabulary richness is ineffective for largegroups of texts because of the extremevariability within and among them. I concludethat vocabulary richness is of marginal valuein stylistic and authorship studies because thebasic assumption that it constitutes awordprint for authors is false.     

Standing on Solid Ground

The new Editor in Chief of IEEE Micro introduces himself and the first issue of 2007. He thanks outgoing Editor in Chief Pradip Bose for his outstanding work on Micro during his tenure. He assesses the current state of the microarchitecture field, speculates on the future, and asks readers for their suggestions on topics the magazine should cover in coming issues.     

Lateral Walking-Induced Forces on Footbridges

In the last several years many cases of large amplitude horizontal vibrations of footbridges have been observed, due to dynamic interaction between the walkers and the footbridge, which may occur when some conditions on the bridge mass, frequency and damping, as well as on the crowd density are met. Such interaction is an intriguing phenomenon, as it is associated with the dynamics of a complex system made of a structure and a number of walkers, the dynamics of the latter being governed by physiology and psychology. Provided this complexity, in this paper a preliminary step is made toward the modeling of the interaction forces exerted by a crowd to a footbridge. The results of an experimental investigation of the lateral forces exerted by one walker to a fixed floor are presented, and used to calibrate a deterministic and stochastic lateral loading models of footbridges, to be used in the case in which no interaction takes place. The results presented are also the background data for more sophisticated dynamic models allowing for bridge-crowd interaction.     

Bioavailability and Toxicity of Metal Nutrients during Anaerobic Digestion

This paper investigates the effect of chelating agents on the bioavailability of Fe and Cu during anaerobic digestion. The results on metal speciation and methane production in anaerobic serum bottles showed that biomass was able to grow in the presence of citrate 1?mM and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 1?mM, suggesting that the binding sites at the cell surface competed efficiently for the metals with the chelating agents added. The presence of free ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 1?mM inhibited methanogenesis, and this seemed to be related to a loss in metal uptake capacity. Although the addition of soluble microbial products (SMP) did not change metal distribution in anaerobic systems, it caused an increase in the rate of methane production, and it is believed that direct uptake of Cu-SMP complexes was responsible for this increase. The best protection against Cu toxicity occurred when stoichiometric amounts of NTA, which should complex and solubilize most of the Cu, was added, and it is likely that NTA prevented lethal concentrations of Cu from being adsorbed onto the cell and hence internalized.     

Tedesko’s Philadelphia Skating Club: Refinement of an Idea

This paper presents new aspects of Anton Tedesko’s design for an important thin shell concrete roof. The study of this roof results from the examination of original engineering drawings and calculations which we present with the goal of promoting a greater understanding of the structural design of a major figure in the tradition of 20th century building.     

Structural Response of Nuclear Containment Shield Buildings with Construction Openings

Steam generator replacement at nuclear power plants requires large construction openings in nuclear containment structures. This study examines the effects of such openings placed in a 61?cm (2?ft) thick dome of a shield building. The dome is cast in two layers, and the limiting cases of the two layers acting as one and the lower layer carrying the entire load are considered. Without openings, the stresses due to dead load in the structure are very low when compared to the material strength. With openings, the loads are easily redistributed around the opening, and the maximum stresses for the conservative case are between three and four and one-half times larger than in the original structure with no openings. The extent of the affected area around the holes is relatively small. Smooth corners in the openings are necessary to avoid high local stress concentrations.