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81.
At times, total dissolved gas concentrations in the Columbia and Snake rivers have been elevated due to involuntary spill from high spring runoff and voluntary spill used as a method to pass juvenile salmonids over dams. The goal of this project was to determine if acute exposure to total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS) affects the reproductive performance of female chinook salmon late in their maturation. During this study, adult female spring chinook salmon were exposed to mean TDGS levels of 114.1% to 125.5%. We ended exposures at first mortality, or at the appearance of impending death. Based on this criterion, exposures lasted from 10 to 68 h and were inversely related to TDGS. There was no effect of TDGS on pre‐spawning mortality or fecundity when comparing treatment fish to experimental controls or the general hatchery population four to six weeks after exposures. Egg quality, based on egg weight and egg diameter, did not differ between treatment and control fish. Fertilization rate and survival to eyed‐stage was high ( > 94%) for all groups. With the exception of Renibacterium salmoninarum (the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease; BKD), no viral or bacterial fish pathogens were isolated from experimental fish. The prevalence (about 45%) and severity of R. salmoninarum did not differ among the groups or the general hatchery population. We conclude that these acute exposures to moderate levels of gas‐supersaturated water—perhaps similar to that experienced by immigrating adult salmon as they approach and pass a hydropower dam on the Columbia River—did not affect reproductive success of female chinook salmon late in their maturation. These results are most applicable to summer and fall chinook salmon, which migrate in the summer/fall and spawn shortly after reaching their natal streams. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
82.
On demand use of direct precipitation of wastewater has been successfully implemented at several large Scandinavian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a cost-efficient method of treating wastewater bypassing secondary treatment. During wet weather situations or when the capacity of secondary treatment is reduced excess wastewater can be treated through efficient direct precipitation. This increases the total capacity of the WWTP to remove phosphorus during these periods. This treatment strategy allows the WWTPs to meet stringent effluent phosphorus limits without extending secondary treatment of the main plant, despite high wet weather flows. The gain in terms of reduced phosphorus emissions varies depending on local conditions such as climate, collection system and secondary treatment capacity. It also varies from year to year depending on the weather and reductions of capacity due to planned refurbishing or unplanned breakdown of equipment. Operating chemical precipitation on demand has proved to contain challenges to operation and organisation of the WWTP. These challenges include logistics of start-up, training of staff and maintaining the system between occasions of operation. Sufficient up-stream storage capacity, reliable weather forecasts and good contracts with suppliers of chemicals are keys of success.  相似文献   
83.
The effects of composition and thermal treatment on the water sorption and diffusional properties of idealized protein gels arranged in bilayer configurations were determined; these water binding/migration properties were related to the mechanical characteristics of the gels. Samples were prepared from whey protein concentrate (WPC), they consisted of water:WPC ratios of 1.5 to 5.67, and were thermally set for 20–60 min. Moisture migration rates from samples interfaced with filters were determined, as were moisture sorption capacities of samples immersed in water. The physical properties of the gels were assessed by uniaxial compression and microscopy. Results showed that gel strength and consequent extent of protein interaction—as affected by thermal treatment—controlled the ability of the gel structure to absorb water. Sorption was exponentially correlated with gel modulus and linearly correlated with a function of protein content, heating time, and immersion time. Rates of diffusion from interfaced gels were dependent solely on water content. It was concluded that the degree of protein interaction, whether influenced by concentration or thermal treatment, affected network extensibility and thus the capacity of the gels to act as receptors of moisture. Results have implications for the functionality of shelf-stable sandwiches and other multicomponent foods.  相似文献   
84.
There are growing strains on the electric grid as cooling peaks grow and equipment ages. Increased penetration of renewables on the grid is also straining electricity supply systems and the need for flexible demand is growing. This paper summarizes results of a series of field test of automated demand response systems in large buildings in the Pacific Northwest. The objective of the research was twofold. One objective was to evaluate the use demand response automation technologies. A second objective was to evaluate control strategies that could change the electric load shape in both winter and summer conditions. Winter conditions focused on cold winter mornings, a time when the electric grid is often stressed. The summer test evaluated DR strategies in the afternoon. We found that we could automate both winter and summer control strategies with the open automated demand response communication standard. The buildings were able to provide significant demand response in both winter and summer events.  相似文献   
85.
In a cattle slaughterhouse, sampling was performed over a 1-week period to examine the prevalence and possible contamination routes of Escherichia coli O157. Each sampling day, swab samples were collected from the slaughterhouse environment before onset of slaughter, from the slaughterline, and from 20 successively slaughtered animals. Isolation of E. coli O157 consisted of a 6-hour enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and selective plating. From the 394 samples taken, 84 (21%) were positive for E. coli O157. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of collected isolates produced 26 different profiles, from which 5 PFGE profiles carried two or more Stx genes. The combination of PFGE profiles and Stx types resulted in 32 different E. coli O157 types. E. coli O157 was found in the slaughterhouse environment before the onset of slaughter. The first two sampling days, feces and carcasses were found negative. On the third sampling day, five fecal samples and four carcasses from animals negative in the feces were positive. Hide of the anal region and the shoulder were found positive every sampling day. The shoulder hide was more than twice as contaminated as the anal region hide. Typing of different isolates from a sample showed that frequently different E. coli O157 types were presented. On sampling days 1 and 2, types present in the environment and on the hides of the slaughtered animals differed. On the third sampling day, two dominant types were found in the environment (even before the onset of slaughter), as well as on the hides, feces, and carcasses. Although examined animals originated from different farms, one (two on day 3) dominant E. coli O157 type was present on their hides each sampling day. These data indicated that (i) the progress of contamination can differ from day to day within a slaughterhouse and (ii) contact between animals after the departure from the farm can have a large effect on the spread of E. coli O157 hide contamination.  相似文献   
86.
The application of Kluyveromyces marxianus (IFO 288), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (ATCC 11842) and Lactobacillus helveticus (ATCC 15009) as starter cultures for sourdough bread making was examined. Production of lactic and acetic acids, bread rising, volatile composition, shelf-life and organoleptic quality of the sourdough breads were evaluated. The amount of starter culture added to the flour, the dough fermentation temperature and the amount of sourdough used were examined in order to optimise the bread making process. The use of mixed cultures led to higher total titratable acidities and lactic acid concentrations compared to traditionally made breads. Highest acidity (3.41 g lactic acid/kg of bread) and highest resistance to mould spoilage were observed when bread was made using 50% sourdough containing 1% K. marxianus and 4% L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The use of these cultures also improved the aroma of sourdough breads, as shown by sensory evaluations and as revealed by GC–MS analysis.  相似文献   
87.
In plant matrices, folates exist largely as folylpoly-γ-glutamates requiring deglutamylation to monoglutamates prior to absorption, which might impair dietary folate bioavailability. This study investigated folylpoly-γ-glutamate stability and conversions in broccoli tissue during thermal (25–90 °C, 30 min) and high-pressure treatments (0.1–600 MPa, 25–45 °C, 30 min) after vacuum packaging. Folates were analyzed based on poly-γ-glutamate side chain length by RP-HPLC. During thermal treatments, folates were stable up to 90 °C, whereas differences in folylpoly-γ-glutamate profiles towards higher conjugated folylpoly-γ-glutamates were observed at elevated temperatures (70–90 °C). High-pressure treatments resulted in significant folate losses (48–78%). Depending on the pressure–temperature combinations studied, folylpoly-γ-glutamates were converted to folylmono- and folyldi-γ-glutamates, which was shown to occur mainly during the initial stages of the high-pressure treatments, i.e. during pressure build-up and subsequent equilibration. Targeted application of high-pressure treatments can hence be applied to obtain broccoli with higher monoglutamate folate content. Implications towards folate bioavailability in relation to the observed folate degradation, however, requires further investigation.  相似文献   
88.
轮南油田中高含水期稳产技术研究与实践   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
轮南油田是塔里木盆地最早投入开发的百万吨级油田 ,已进入中高含水采油阶段 ,急需为油田实现稳产 8~ 10a目标确立稳产技术。利用精细油藏描述等技术对油田三大类潜力类型进行分析 ,确立了以水平井为主进行调整挖潜的稳产配套技术。通过稳产技术攻关与实践 ,基本肯定了确保轮南油田稳产的支撑技术是水平井技术、滚动勘探开发技术、注采系统综合调整技术和分阶段优化井网接替式稳产技术。这些技术在油田实践中便于操作 ,应用效果显著 ,使轮南油田 3a新增可采储量 12 5× 10 4t ,生产原油近 90× 10 4t。图 3参 3  相似文献   
89.
The friction-type motor is the most common type in the field of piezoelectric motors. One limitation of friction-type motors is their inability to achieve high output push force or torque. Based on the theory of self-lock, a novel mechanism for the linear piezoelectric motor is proposed. On the basis of the proposed mechanism, three prototype models have been developed. The new motors transfer the force and displacement generated by a piezoelectric actuator to the output directly, whereas the friction-type motor transfers via the induced friction between the stator and the rotor. The achieved positioning precision is within 10 nm, while the push force is up to 1,176 N. The new motors can be applied in cases where both high positioning precision and heavy load are essential.  相似文献   
90.
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