Drug resistance and coreceptor usage in HIV type 1 subtype C-infected children initiating or failing highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa

HIV-1 drug resistance monitoring in resource-poor settings is crucial due to limited drug alternatives. Recent reports of the increased prevalence of CXCR4 usage in subtype C infections may have implications for CCR5 antagonists in therapy. We investigated the prevalence of drug resistance mutations and CXCR4 coreceptor utilization of viruses from HIV-1 subtype C-infected children. Fifty-one children with virological failure during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 43 HAART-naive children were recruited. Drug resistance genotyping and coreceptor utilization assessment by phenotypic and genotypic methods were performed. At least one significant drug resistance mutation was present in 85.4% of HAART-failing children. Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were detected in 58.5% of HAART-failing children and 39.0% had ≥3 TAMs. CXCR4 (X4) or dual (R5X4)/mixed (R5, X4) (D/M)-tropic viruses were found in 54.3% of HAART-failing and 9.4% of HAART-naive children (p<0.0001); however, the HAART-failing children were significantly older (p<0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression, significant predictors of CXCR4 usage included antiretroviral treatment, older age, and lower percent CD4(+) T cell counts. The majority of genotypic prediction tools had low sensitivity (≤65.0%) and high specificity (≥87.5%) for predicting CXCR4 usage. Extensive drug resistance, including the high percentage of TAMs found, may compromise future drug choices for children, highlighting the need for improved treatment monitoring and adherence counseling. Additionally, the increased prevalence of X4/D/M viruses in HAART-failing children suggests limited use of CCR5 antagonists in salvage therapy. Enhanced genotypic prediction tools are needed as current tools are not sensitive enough for predicting CXCR4 usage.     

合并慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染的炎性关节病患者使用肿瘤坏死因子-α拮抗剂的肝脏安全性前瞻性观察

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α拮抗剂对炎性关节病患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)再激活及肝功能的影响.方法 活动期类风湿关节炎(RA)及强直性脊柱炎(AS)患者根据HBV血清学指标分组,动态随访TNF-α拮抗剂治疗后HBV再激活及肝功能情况.多组间连续变量比较采用Kruskal-Wallis 非参数检验,分类变量比较采用x2检验或Fisher精确概率法.结果 50例患者完成随访,随访时间3～23个月.治疗后转氨酶水平慢性HBV感染组患者[11例,天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST):(36+18) U/L,丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT):(44±46)U/L]显著高于既往HBV感染组[16例,AST:(22±6)U/L,ALT:( 17±9) U/L]和无HBV感染组[23例,AST:( 19:±6) U/L,ALT:(15:±9) U/L](AST:x2=11.161,P＜0.01;ALT:x2=8.038,P＜0.01).1例基线HBV-DNA升高的AS患者治疗前加用拉米夫定,4个月后HBV-DNA降至接近正常;余10例基线HBV-DNA阴性的慢性HBV感染患者中,1例治疗后发生HBV再激活伴转氨酶升高,1例仅有转氨酶升高而HBV-DNA持续阴性,且停药后转氨酶自行回复正常,考虑为药物的肝损害.既往HBV感染组及无感染组患者治疗后未出现乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)转阳.结论 炎性关节病患者使用TNF-α拮抗剂前须筛查HBV感染及肝功能情况,治疗期间需密切监测肝功能及HBV再激活情况,基线HBV-DNA阳性(尤其＞105 copies/ml)或经济能力允许的合并慢性HBV感染的患者应在治疗前开始预防性抗病毒治疗.     

髓样分化因子88的研究进展：把握TLR信号通路中的瓶颈

目的总结髓样分化因子88（myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88）在Toll样受体（toll like receptor,TLR）信号通路中的作用、MyD88与相关疾病的关系及其潜在的应用价值。方法收集近年来国内外有关MyD88在TLR信号通路中的作用及其与相关疾病关系的文献并作综述。结果 MyD88是一种重要的接头蛋白,在TLR信号通路中处于节点位置,起到承上启下的作用,是通路中的＂瓶颈＂。其传导的信号可导致下游多种转录因子的激活,从而启动先天性免疫反应,并且其与多种疾病的发生均有关。结论 MyD88是TLR信号通路的核心接头蛋白,在先天性免疫、获得性免疫和多种疾病的发生中均起着重要作用,是一个潜在的临床疾病的治疗靶点。     

Risk Factors for Infection after 46,113 Intramedullary Nail Operations in Low- and Middle-income Countries

Background

The fields of surgery and trauma care have largely been neglected in the global health discussion. As a result the idea that surgery is not safe or cost effective in resource-limited settings has gone unchallenged. The SIGN Online Surgical Database (SOSD) is now one of the largest databases on trauma surgery in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We wished to examine infection rates and risk factors for infection after IM nail operations in LMIC using this data.

Methods

The SOSD contained 46,722 IM nail surgeries in 58 different LMIC; 46,113 IM nail operations were included for analysis.

Results

The overall follow-up rate was 23.1 %. The overall infection rate was 1.0 %, 0.7 % for humerus, 0.8 % for femur, and 1.5 % for tibia fractures. If only nails with registered follow-up (n = 10,684) were included in analyses, infection rates were 2.9 % for humerus, 3.2 % for femur, and 6.9 % for tibia fractures. Prophylactic antibiotics reduced the risk of infection by 29 %. Operations for non-union had a doubled risk of infection. Risk of infection was reduced with increasing income level of the country.

Conclusions

The overall infection rates were low, and well within acceptable levels, suggesting that it is safe to do IM nailing in low-income countries. The fact that operations for non-union have twice the risk of infection compared to primary fracture surgery further supports the use of IM nailing as the primary treatment for femur fractures in LMIC.     

Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplastyEffects of antibiotic prophylaxis systemically and in bone cement on the revision rate of 22,170 primary hip replacements followed 0-14 years in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register

We studied the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis, systemically and in bone cement, on the revision rate of cemented total hip arthroplasties (THAs) in data from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register during the period 1987-2001. To have comparable groups, only THAs performed because of primary osteoarthritis, using cemented implants with documented good results, and high-viscosity cement were included. If systemic antibiotic prophylaxis had been given, only operations with cephalosporin or penicillin were selected. Cox-estimated survival relative revision risks (RR) are presented with adjustment for differences among groups in gender, age, cement brand, type of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, type of prosthesis, type of operating room, and duration of the operation. Of 22,170 THAs studied, 696 THAs (3.1%) were revised, 440 (2.0%) for aseptic loosening and 102 (0.5%) for deep infection. We found the lowest risk of revision when the antibiotic prophylaxis was given both systemically and in the cement (15,676 THAs). Compared to this combined regime, patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis only systemically (5,960 THAs) had a 1.4 times higher revision rate with all reasons for revision as endpoint (p= 0.001), 1.3 times higher with aseptic loosening (p= 0.02) and 1.8 times higher with infection as the endpoint (p= 0.01). With the combined antibiotic regime, the results were better if antibiotics were given 4 times on the day of surgery (2,194 THAs), as compared to once (1,424 THAs) (p<0.001), twice (2,680 THAs) (p<0.001), or 3 times (5,522 THAs) (p= 0.02). Those who received systemic prophylaxis a single day 1, 2 or 3 times, as compared to 4 times, had a revision rate 1.8-3.5 times higher with all reasons for revision as endpoint, 1.5-3.1 times higher with aseptic loosening, and 2.7-6.8 times higher with infection. When we compared systemic prophylaxis 4 times in 1 day, no further improvement resulted in those given systemic prophylaxis for 2 days (1,928 THAs) or 3 days (717 THAs). In a subset of data including only the Charnley prosthesis, we obtained similar results. This observational study shows that the best results were recorded when antibiotic prophylaxis was given both systemically and in the bone cement, and if the systemic antibiotic was given 4 times on the day of surgery.     

The Structure of Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in the General Population at 18 Months

It is unclear whether symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in young children in the population fit the three-factor structure of ASD as described in the DSM-IV, and cluster together in individual subjects. This study analysed questionnaire data on ASD symptoms filled in by mothers of 11,332 18-month-old children that was collected in the context of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Confirmatory Factor Analyses showed that the three-factor model had a significantly better fit then the two- and one-factor model of ASD symptoms. Latent class analysis revealed four homogeneous groups of children (classes) with different scores for Social Interaction and Communication at one hand and Stereotypies/Rigidity at the other hand.     

经胸与经皮房间隔缺损封堵术的临床疗效比较

目的：对比分析经胸封堵术与经皮封堵术在治疗房间隔缺损患者中的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析2019年6月至2021年6月在我院诊断为继发孔型房间隔缺损并行房间隔缺损封堵术的患者63例。按照手术方式分为经胸封堵组（食道超声引导下经胸小切口房间隔缺损封堵术,n=30）和经皮封堵组（食道超声引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵术,n=33）。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症、术后VAS评分等指标。结果：经皮封堵组平均手术时间短于经胸封堵组,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;经皮封堵组术后住院时间、术中出血量少于经胸封堵组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;经皮封堵组在术后8 h疼痛视觉模拟评分分值低于经胸封堵组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;经胸封堵组术后并发症共7例,经皮封堵组术后并发症共2例,经胸封堵组术后并发症发生率高于经皮封堵组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：经皮房间隔封堵术对比经胸房间隔封堵术在术后住院时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后疼痛方面具有较为明显的优势,其创伤更小,瘢痕更加隐蔽,呼吸系统并发症少。