Apaf-1与MODS时的细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是一种以凋亡小体的形成为特点的,不引起周围组织的炎性反应的活体内单个细胞死亡的形态学改变,它是依赖能量的细胞内死亡程序活化而致的细胞自杀.已知细胞凋亡的途径有3条途径:死亡受体途径、线粒体途径、内质网途径.线粒体在凋亡信号传导通路中起重要作用,研究提示死亡受体和内质网通路的信号最终都汇集在线粒体通路中.线粒体介导的细胞内凋亡通路的信号传导级联反应均以Apaf-1为靶子而调节凋亡体.     

Colonization of America by Drosophila subobscura: Experiment in natural populations that supports the adaptive role of chromosomal-inversion polymorphism

North America and South America have recently been colonized by the Palearctic species Drosophila subobscura. This double colonization offers a rare opportunity for evolutionary studies. Correlations between chromosomal arrangement frequencies and latitude were calculated for the colonizing populations. Signs of these correlations are highly coincident with those found in the Old World. These results provide experimental support for the adaptive value of the chromosomal-inversion polymorphism; historical and other nonadaptive explanations are thus excluded or relegated to a secondary role.     

In Uruguay, an ethic of care for the dying

The ethics of care for the terminally ill in Uruguay spring from deeply rooted attitudes which invest the physician with sole power to determine the course of treatment, even to prescribe painkilling drugs and to hasten death actively or passively, without collaboration from the patient's family. The paternal function attributed to the physician has not been questioned by any systematic reflection on biomedical ethics. However, conscientious physicians are interested in these issues and are well informed about the concerns of their foreign colleagues.     

快速康复外科理念在膀胱癌患者根治性全膀胱切除术围术期护理中的应用效果

目的 分析快速康复外科(FTS)理念在膀胱癌(BC)患者根治性全膀胱切除术围术期护理中的应用效果。方法 回顾性收集我院147例BC患者,均接受根治性全膀胱切除术治疗,将2017年1月～2018年10月在围术期接受常规护理干预的73例作为对照组,将2020年1月～2021年10月在围术期接受FTS理念干预的74例作为观察组,比较两组围术期情况、不同时间点(术前1d、术后1h、1d)疼痛程度、并发症。结果 观察组术后首次下床活动、术后首次排气以及住院时间均短于对照组(P＜0.05);两组不同时间、组间、交互作用下视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS评分)比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组术前1d VAS评分比较,无明显差异(P＞0.05);而与对照组术后1h、1d VAS评分相比,观察组均较低(P＜0.05);观察组、对照组并发症发生率分别为31.08%、41.10%,组间比较,无明显差异(P＞0.05)。结论 FTS理念应用于BC患者,能减轻疼痛程度,缩短术后首次下床活动、术后首次排气时间,促进术后恢复。     

应用组化、免疫组化及电镜技术诊断腹水中恶性黑色素瘤细胞

利用腹水涂片诊断色素性恶性黑色素瘤细胞 (恶黑 )不难 ,而对无色素性恶性黑色素瘤细胞则比较困难。笔者采用组织化学Ｆｏｎｔａｎａ染色显示有无黑色素 ,应用柏林蓝铁反应染色鉴别是黑色素还是含铁血黄素 ,另应用ＨＭＢ4 5、Ｓ 10 0蛋白作Ｓ Ｐ免疫组化染色与上皮性癌细胞鉴别诊断 ,应用电镜微观瘤细胞内有无不同发育阶段的黑色素小体。通过以上各种检测以达到诊断和鉴别诊断的目的。1　材料与方法1.1　材料　收集 1例疑诊为恶性黑色素瘤患者的腹水 ,常规离心 ,2 0 0 0ｒ/ｍｉｎ ,取白细胞层涂片 ,95 %乙醇固定 ,分别作ＨＥ、组化及免疫组…     

Monitoring gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain and plasma microdialysates using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence detection

Due to its low electrophoretic mobility, few studies have been able to measure gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in biological samples by means of capillary zone electrophoresis. Nevertheless, in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) by adding a surfactant to the mobile phase separation can be carried out on the basis of the partition coefficient of the molecules rather than their electrophoretic mobility. In the present study microdialysis coupled to MEKC with laser induced fluorescence detection was used to successfully monitor GABA from cerebrospinal fluid and plasma dialysates. Moreover, we monitored changes in extracellular GABA from a human brain. Microdialysis samples were collected from a Parkinson's disease patient undergoing a thallamotomy as part of her treatment. Significant decreases in extracellular GABA were detected during high frequency electrical stimulation and following a thermolesion of the thalamus. These results demonstrate the feasibility of MEKC coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection in resolving neutral amino acids, specifically GABA, from different human body fluids.     

Inflammatory responses in blood samples of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pulmonary infections

We analyzed the characteristics of the inflammatory response occurring in blood during pulmonary infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. A prospective study of consecutive hospital admissions of HIV-infected patients with new-onset radiologic pulmonary infiltrates was carried out in a tertiary university hospital from April 1998 to May 2001. Plasma cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were determined at the time of admission and 4, 5, and 6 days later. Patients were included in a protocol addressed to study etiology and outcome of disease. A total of 249 episodes of infection were included, with the main diagnoses being bacterial pneumonia (BP) (118 episodes), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (41 episodes), and mycobacteriosis (36 episodes). For these three patient groups, at the time of admission the median CRP and cytokine levels were as follows: CRP, 10.2, 3.8 and 5 mg/dl, respectively (P = 0.0001); IL-8, 19, 3, and 2.9 pg/ml (P = 0.045); and TNF-alpha, 46.4, 44, and 75 pg/ml, respectively (P = 0.029). There were no significant differences in levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, or IL-10 among the patient groups. A total of 23 patients died. At the time of admission, HIV-infected patients with BP had higher plasma CRP and IL-8 levels than did PCP and mycobacteriosis patients. TNF-alpha levels were higher in patients with mycobacteriosis. An elevated IL-8 level (>61 pg/ml) at the time of admission was an independent factor associated with higher mortality (odds ratio, 12; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 235.5).     

Analysis of genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis C viruses in Central America reveals a novel genetic lineage

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has high genomic variability and at least six different types have been reported. The genotypes distribution is currently unknown among HCV strains circulating in Central America. In order to study the degree of genetic variability of strains isolated in Costa Rica, sequence data obtained from the 5' non coding region from 7 patients from Costa Rica were compared with published sequences from 57 strains of all types. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of type 1 strains of a novel genetic lineage, recently described for some South American countries, and indicates an increasing diversification of HCV.     

Ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits are differentially regulated in the motoneuronal pools of the rat hypoglossal nucleus in response to axotomy

Unilateral hypoglossal nerve axotomy was used as a model to analyse immunohistochemically the expression of the GluR1, GluR2, GluR3, and GluR4 glutamate receptor subunits of the -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) subtype and the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype in the different morphofunctional hypoglossal pools from 1 to 45 days postaxotomy. Following hypoglossal nerve axotomy, the percentage of motoneurons that were GluR1-immunopositive and the labeling intensity for this subunit was increased in some hypoglossal pools. Immunolabeling for the GluR2 subunit was undetectable. These results contrast with the unchanged pattern for these two subunits after sciatic nerve axotomy previously described. Image analysis showed a significant decrease in the intensity of immunohistochemical labeling for the GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits in motoneurons, although most motoneurons were still immunopositive for these 2 subunits after axotomy. The intensity of immunolabeling for the NR1 subunit was slightly decreased postlesion, whereas the percentage of NR1-immunopositive motoneurons increased. Immunoreactivity returned to basal levels 45 days postlesion. These findings show that in axotomized hypoglossal motoneurons, i) AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits are still expressed, ii) the composition of the ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit pool is subjected to continuous changes during the regeneration process, iii) AMPA receptors, if functional, would have physiological properties different to those in intact motoneurons, and iv) the various AMPA receptor subunits are differentially regulated. The present results also suggest a faster recovery of basal levels of immunoreactivity for caudally localised groups of motoneurons which could reflect a caudo-rostral sequential functional revovery in the hypoglossal nucleus.     

Ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit distribution on hypoglossal motoneuronal pools in the rat

The expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the motoneuronal pools of the hypoglossal nucleus was studied using specific antibodies against subunits of the -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA), kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtypes. The highest numbers of intensely immunolabelled motoneurons were found in the dorsal tier and caudoventromedial part of the hypoglossal nucleus with all antibodies except that against the GluR1 AMPA subunit. Labelling for the GluR1 subunit was weak except for caudally located groups of motoneurons which innervate tongue muscles related to respiratory activity. By contrast, most motoneurons were intensely immunostained with antibodies against GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits of the AMPA subtype. The low staining observed using an antibody specific for the GluR2 subunit (which prevents Ca²⁺-entry through AMPA channels) strongly suggests that AMPA receptors in hypoglossal motoneurons are Ca²⁺-permeable. Immunolabelling for the GluR5/6/7 kainate receptor subunits was found in many motoneuronal somata as well as in thin axon-like profiles and puncta that resembled synaptic boutons. Most motoneurons were intensely immunostained for the NMDA receptor subunit NR1. These results show that the hypoglossal nucleus contains five heterogeneous pools of motoneurons which innervate functionally defined groups of tongue muscles. The uneven expression of the different receptor subunits analysed here could reflect diverse phenotypic properties of hypoglossal motoneurons which might be expected to generate different patterns of motor responses under different physiological or pathological conditions.