Bursts of drinking water pipes not only cause loss of drinking water, but also damage below and above ground infrastructure. Short-term water demand forecasting is a valuable tool in burst detection, as deviations between the forecast and actual water demand may indicate a new burst. Many of burst detection methods struggle with false positives due to non-seasonal water consumption as a result of e.g. environmental, economic or demographic exogenous influences, such as weather, holidays, festivities or pandemics. Finding a robust alternative that reduces the false positive rate of burst detection and does not rely on data from exogenous processes is essential. We present such a burst detection method, based on Bayesian ridge regression and Random Sample Consensus. Our exogenous nowcasting method relies on signals of all nearby flow and pressure sensors in the distribution net with the aim to reduce the false positive rate. The method requires neither data of exogenous processes, nor extensive historical data, but only requires one week of historical data per flow/pressure sensor. The exogenous nowcasting method is compared with a common water demand forecasting method for burst detection and shows sufficiently higher Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies of 82.7% - 90.6% compared to 57.9% - 77.7%, respectively. These efficiency ranges indicate a more accurate water demand prediction, resulting in more precise burst detection.
What needs to be done to establish food irradiation on a truly commercial basis so that those living on planet Earth can fully realize the benefits of this versatile process? This question is answered in the first part of this paper. The second part covers the potential contributions of irradiated foods to feed humans in space. 相似文献
This investigation deals with the analysis of intergranular acicular precipitations by X-ray diffraction techniques and SEM. Results obtained during analysing acicular precipitate in 18/10Ti steel, isothermally annealed at 750–850 °C, can be summarised as follows: Intergranular needles are constituted by a complex phosphide of M2P type whose chemical composition can be written as (Ti,Cr,Fe,Ni)2P. Crystal growth direction of intergranular acicular M2P particles in austenite is 〈 100 〉γ. The following orientation relationship was determined between the complex phosphide of M2P type and austenite: . Corrosion testing in boiling 65% HNO3 revealed that there was a relationship between the occurrence of acicular precipitate and a reduction in corrosion rate to a level below 0.5 g m?2h?1. 相似文献
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extractions (with and without ethanol as an entrainer) were carried out to remove lipids and pigments from protein concentrate of green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) cultivated under controlled conditions. The content and fatty acid composition of algal lipids using column, thin-layer (TLC) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) were determined. Absorption spectra of extracted fractions showed the predominance of chlorophyll A (lambda max at 410 nm). Single step supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction resulted mostly in removal of neutral lipids and a part of glycolipids, but phospholipids were not extracted. Addition of ethanol to SC-CO2 increased the amount of glycolipids and phospholipids in the extract. TLC pattern of algal lipids showed that the main part of neutral lipids consisted of diglycerides, triglycerides, hydrocarbons, free sterols, and sterol esters. The glycolipids were mostly monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside, and sterol glycoside. In phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the main compounds. Fatty acid composition patterns indicated the main fatty acids to be 16:0, 16:1, 16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3(a). Relatively high recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids in supercritical fluid extracted algal lipids and proteins isolates were observed. 相似文献
Partial differential equations describing the transport of mass and electricity in the pores of the positive electrode of a lead acid battery were derived. The theory is based on exact transport equations and on the assumption that the solid porous matrix has a metallic conductivity. Volume changes in both phases are taken into account. Numerical solutions obtained on a computer are presented for the case where the influence of electrolyte between the electrodes can be neglected. The solutions depend on the product of electrode thickness times current density, and on the initial porosity. 相似文献
The dynamic mechanical behaviour of random copolymers of LC monomer-1-(hexyloxycarbonyl)ethyl 4-[4-(methacryloyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoate
(HB) and octyl methacrylate (OMA) was studied in the main transition and flow regions. Even though the aliphatic end groups
of the side chain of HB and OMA are roughly the same, the Tg temperature of poly(HB) is ∼ 80 K higher than that of poly(OMA); this fact is due to the presence of the stiff phenyl benzoate
mesogenic group in the side chain of HB. With increasing content of OMA in the copolymer the superimposed curves of the storage
G′p and loss G′′p moduli at a constant temperature shift towards shorter frequencies. It has been shown that this shift is mainly due to an
increase of the free volume in the copolymers with increasing content of OMA. While HB monomer shows liquid crystalline (LC)
properties, its polymer (poly(HB)) and random copolymers with OMA show only isotropic thermal behaviour because no flexible
spacer is present in the side chain of HB which would decouple the main chain and mesogenic group motions. This means that
neither the homopolymer of HB, nor its copolymers with a flexible comonomer retain the LC properties of the starting LC monomer,
HB.
Received: 26 September 1996/Revised: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 7 November 1996 相似文献
ABSTRACTAgile and User-centered design processes have been reported to frequently putting contradictory demands on people working within these methodological frameworks. The current research addresses this point by focussing on the crucial relationship between software developer and designer. An online survey, a contextual inquiry, and a diary study were employed with 107 developers and designers in a large media organization to determine the factors for success in agile development cycles. The results from the survey show that while developers and designers have similar levels of satisfaction with agile processes, there are differences in the factors predicting those ratings. Developers are happier with the wider teamwork but want more access to and close collaboration with designers, while the latters’ concern was the quality of the wider teamwork. Additional contextual inquiries and a diary study with pairs of designers and developers reflected the survey findings that close cooperation (and proximity) was essential for improving communication, reducing inefficiencies, and avoiding suboptimal products being released. However, organizational processes, the setup of the work environment, and managerial traditions meant that this close collaboration and localized decision-making was found difficult to maintain. Results from the survey, the contextual inquiry, and the diary study found six factors for success from collaborations emerged. 相似文献
This study deals with a numerical solution of a 2D unsteady flow of a compressible viscous fluid in a channel for low inlet airflow velocity. The unsteadiness of the flow is caused by a prescribed periodic motion of a part of the channel wall with large amplitudes, nearly closing the channel during oscillations. The channel is a simplified model of the glottal space in the human vocal tract and the flow can represent a model of airflow coming from the trachea, through the glottal region with periodically vibrating vocal folds, and to the human vocal tract. 相似文献