Effect of Oxide Fluxes on Depth of Penetration in Flux Bounded Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of AISI 304L Stainless Steel

Flux Bounded Tungsten Inert Gas (FBTIG) welding is a modified TIG welding process in which increased depth of penetration (DoP) can be achieved by laying thin flux coatings on either side of the weld centerline. The effect of three single component fluxes viz., SiO₂, TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃ on bead geometry of autogenous melt runs in AISI 304L stainless steel for the gap between the flux layers varying from 2 to 7 mm, is studied. Results show that DoP can be improved significantly in FBTIG process using single component fluxes. Nature of the flux and the gap between the flux layers influence the weld bead geometry. Among the three fluxes used, SiO₂ is more efficient in improving the DoP. Arc constriction is the predominant mechanism operative in improving the DoP in FBTIG welding. Possibility of change in solidification mode in FBTIG weld metals of stainless steels is highlighted.     

A review of heat pipe systems for heat recovery and renewable energy applications

Advancements into the computational studies have increased the development of heat pipe arrangements, displaying multiphase flow regimes and highlighting the broad scope of the respective technology for utilization in passive and active applications. The purpose of this review is to evaluate current heat pipe systems for heat recovery and renewable applications utility. Basic features and limitations are outlined and theoretical comparisons are drawn with respect to the operating temperature profiles for the reviewed industrial systems. Working fluids are compared on the basis of the figure of merit for the range of temperatures. The review established that standard tubular heat pipe systems present the largest operating temperature range in comparison to other systems and therefore offer viable potential for optimization and integration into renewable energy systems.     

An efficient numerical algorithm for multi-dimensional time dependent partial differential equations

An efficient and robust numerical scheme based on Haar wavelets and finite differences is suggested for the solution of two-dimensional time dependent linear and nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Excellent feature of the scheme is the conversion of linear and non-linear PDEs to algebraic equations which are comparatively easy to handle. Convergence of the scheme, which guarantees small error norm as the resolution level increases, is also an important part of this work. Different error norms are computed to check efficiency of the technique. Computations verify accuracy, flexibility and low computational cost of the method.     

Learning multiple experiences useful visual features for active maps localization in crowded environments

Crowded urban environments are composed of different types of dynamic and static elements. Learning and classification of features is a major task in solving the localization problem in such environments. This work presents a gradual learning methodology to learn the useful features using multiple experiences. The usefulness of an observed element is evaluated by a scoring mechanism which uses two scores – reliability and distinctiveness. The visual features thus learned are used to partition the visual map into smaller regions. The robot is efficiently localized in such a partitioned environment using two-level localization. The concept of active map (AM) is proposed here, which is a map that represents one partition of the environment in which there is a high probability of the robot existing. High-level localization is used to track the mode of the AMs using discrete Bayes filter. Low-level localization uses a bag-of-words model to retrieve images and accurately localize the robot. The pose of the robot is the one retrieved from the AM that has maximum a posteriori. Experiments have been conducted on a unique highly crowded data-set collected from Indian roads. The results support the proposed method due to speed and localization accuracy.     

A novel silver–aluminium high-temperature die attach nanopaste system: the effects of organic additives content on post-sintered attributes

An Ag–Al die attach material having a fixed Ag–Al nanoparticles weight percent content (80–20 %), as well as varying organic additives weight percent content was formulated. The total nanoparticle weight percent content was varied between 84.7 and 87.0 %. As the organic additives content in the Ag₈₀–Al₂₀ die attach material decreased from 15.3 to 13.0 %, the nanopaste’s viscosity increased. The die attach material was sintered at 380 °C for 30 min to form Ag₂Al and Ag₃Al compounds. With decreasing organics content from 15.3 to 13.0 %, the porosity of the post-sintered samples also decreased from 30 to 19 %, while the density increased from 2.36 to 6.42 g/cm³. The highest melting point was recorded for the sample with the least organic weight percent content at 519 °C. The coefficient of thermal expansion and electrical conductivity values varied between 6.99–7.74 × 10^?6/ °C and 0.95–1.01 × 10⁵ (ohm-cm)^?1 respectively with decreasing organic content from 15.3 to 13.0 %. The electrical conductivity values recorded were higher than or equal to that of most solder alloy die attach materials. By changing the organic additives content in the Ag₈₀–Al₂₀ die attach material, suitable properties are obtained for high temperature die attach applications.     

Effect of rolling deformation on the structures and properties of multi‐walled carbon nanotube filled isotactic polypropylene

Isotactic polypropylene filled with various contents of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated by the injection molding technique and then rolled at room temperature. The unrolled samples (URS) and rolled samples (RS) were characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical and micromechanical tests and differential thermal analyses. Although the URS exhibit the lamellar α‐crystal with a*‐axis orientation, the RS show the same crystals with both a*‐ and c‐axis orientation, which is explained by interlamellar and intralamellar slips and lamellar destruction. Scanning electron micrographs display distinct surface morphological features for both URS and RS. While the tensile strength of RS is higher than that of URS, the Young's modulus (Y) is found to be lower than that of URS. Anisotropy in microharness (H) parallel and perpendicular to the rolled direction has been detected, although H for both samples increases with increasing MWCNT contents. The average relationship H/Y ≈ 0.18 as estimated for URS is closer to the predicted value of 0.10 for polymers than the H/Y ≈ 0.22 obtained for RS. The lamellar thickness for URS increases with increase of MWCNT content and that for RS decreases, as evaluated from both differential thermal analyses and X‐ray diffraction data. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Integrated ozone–photo–Fenton process for the removal of pollutant from industrial wastewater

The use of hybrid advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) for the removal of pollutants from industrial effluents has been extensively studied in recent literature. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of the photo,Fenton, photo-Fenton and ozone–photo–Fenton processes in terms of color removal and chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal of distillery industrial effluent together with the associated electrical energy per order. It was observed from the experimental results that the O_3/UV/Fe~(2 +)/H_2O_2 process yielded a 100% color and95.50% COD removals with electrical energy per order of 0.015 k W·h·m~(-3) compared to all other combinations of the AOPs. The effects of various operating parameters such as H_2O_2 and Fe~(2+) concentration, effluent pH, COD concentration and UV power on the removal of color, COD and electrical energy per order for the ozone–photo–Fenton process was critically studied and reported. The color and COD removals were analyzed using a UV/Vis spectrometer and closed reflux method.     

A novel finite rings based algebraic scheme of evolving secure S-boxes for images encryption

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Substitution-boxes have significant role in block ciphers as they are the only component which offers nonlinearity in the anticipated symmetric encryption...     

A review of hashing based image authentication techniques

Multimedia Tools and Applications - In the recent digitization era, image hashing is a key technology, including image recognition, authentication and manipulation detection, among many multimedia...     

Revamping SiO2 Spheres by Core–Shell Porosity Endowment to Construct a Mazelike Nanoreactor for Enhanced Catalysis in CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol

Beyond the catalytic activity of nanocatalysts, the support with architectural design and explicit boundary could also promote the overall performance through improving the diffusion process, highlighting additional support for the morphology-dependent activity. To delineate this, herein, a novel mazelike-reactor framework, namely multi-voids mesoporous silica sphere (MVmSiO₂), is carved through a top-down approach by endowing core-shell porosity premade Stöber SiO₂ spheres. The precisely-engineered MVmSiO₂ with peripheral one-dimensional pores in the shell and interconnecting compartmented voids in the core region is simulated to prove combined hierarchical and structural superiority over its analogous counterparts. Supported with CuZn-based alloys, mazelike MVmSiO₂ nanoreactor experimentally demonstrated its expected workability in model gas-phase CO₂ hydrogenation reaction where enhanced CO₂ activity, good methanol yield, and more importantly, a prolonged stable performance are realized. While tuning the nanoreactor composition besides morphology optimization could further increase the catalytic performance, it is accentuated that the morphological architecture of support further boosts the reaction performance apart from comprehensive compositional optimization. In addition to the found morphological restraints and size-confinement effects imposed by MVmSiO₂, active sites of catalysts are also investigated by exploring the size difference of the confined CuZn alloy nanoparticles in CO₂ hydrogenation employing both in-situ experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations.