Methanation of CO2 with the oxygen-deficient Ni(II)-ferrite under dynamic conditions

The continuous methanation of CO₂ has been accomplished over hydrogen-reduced Ni(II)-bearing ferrite (Ni_xFe_3–xO_4–; x=0.39, > 0) in a mixed gas flow of CO₂ and H₂ at 250–375 °C. The yield and the selectivity for the methanation were larger than 50% and 95%, respectively, at the initial stage of the process. They decreased to 31% and 89%, respectively, after 6 h methanation. The innovative results can be ascribed to the use of the new material; hydrogen-reduced Ni(II)-bearing ferrite. Its formation was evinced by chemical analyses and the increase in the lattice constant; the lattice constant of the Ni(II)-bearing ferrite (a₀ 0.8375 nm) was enlarged to 0.8379 nm by hydrogen reduction. The enlarged lattice constant was not changed during the methanation. These findings suggest that the methanation occurs at the oxygen-deficient site of the hydrogen-reduced Ni(II)-bearing ferrite, as well as the formation of water by combination of the incorporated oxygens with hydrogen. The methanation consists of three steps of the elementary reaction. First, the oxygen-deficient sites are formed by hydrogen reduction; second, CO₂ is reduced to elementary carbon and two oxygen ions which are incorporated into the oxygen-deficient sites; and third, the carbon deposited on the surface of the reduced ferrite is selectively hydrogenated to CH₄.     

Preparation of alumina and alumina-silica powders by wire explosion resulting from electric discharge

Wires of aluminium and aluminium-silicon alloys containing 5.2 and 12.1 wt% Si were exploded in air by electric discharge, and the properties of the powders obtained were examined. The powders consisted of large particles of several micrometres and very fine spherical ones, which were formed from the metallic droplets and vapours, respectively, and were mostly oxidized. The large particles decreased with an increase in the charged energy. Although the particle-size distribution was broad, the average particle sizes were small and were increased from 0.7 m to 1.3 m with an increase in the charged energy. These powders were identified as -alumina, amorphous alumina-silica compound and a small amount of the metal. The amorphous phase crystallized to mullite in the temperature range 1153–1243 K, and the crystallization temperature fell with increase in the charged energy because the amount of fine particles formed from the vapours increased.     

Clonality in hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of methylation pattern of polymorphic X-chromosome-linked phosphoglycerate kinase gene in females

Analysis of X-chromosome inactivation patterns in women has been used to assess the clonality of various tumors. In this report, we analyzed 27 liver tumors in women, including 18 samples obtained by the performance of ultrasonically guided thin-needle biopsies. By analysis of the heterogeneity of phosphoglycerate kinase gene, 11 of 27 (41%) cases were found to be heterozygous at the gene. Of these informative 11 cases with liver tumors, 7 cases were "large" tumors (> 25 mm in diameter) and 4 cases were "small" tumors (< 25 mm in diameter). All 7 large tumors showed monoclonal patterns by the phosphoglycerate kinase gene analysis. Of the 4 small tumors, 2 showed monoclonal, and 2 showed polyclonal patterns. The 2 with monoclonal patterns were pathologically diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma despite their small sizes (20 mm and 23 mm). Of the two with polyclonal patterns, the smallest one (15 mm) was diagnosed as benign adenomatous hyperplasia, and the other as hepatocellular carcinoma heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes. These data suggest that analysis of the methylation pattern of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene may be helpful on rare occasions in elucidating the nature of liver tumors but must in fact be used in conjunction with histological appearances to avoid errors secondary to inflammatory infiltrates.     

Metal Single-Atom Cocatalyst on Carbon Nitride for the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Effects of Metal Species

Single-atom (SA) catalysts exhibit high activity in various reactions because there are no inactive internal atoms. Accordingly, SA cocatalysts are also an active research fields regarding photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) evolution which can be generated by abundant water and sunlight. Herein, it is investigated whether 10 transition metal elements can work as an SA on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄; i.e., gCN), a promising visible-light-driven photocatalyst. A method is established to prepare SA-loaded gCN at high loadings (weight of ≈3 wt.% for Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru) by modulating the photoreduction power. Regarding Au and Ag, SAs are formed with difficulty without aggregation because of the low binding energy between gCN and the SA. An evaluation of the photocatalytic H₂-evolution activity of the prepared metal SA-loaded gCN reveals that Pd, Pt, and Rh SA-loaded gCN exhibits relatively high H₂-evolution efficiency per SA. Transient absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements reveal the following: i) Pd SA-loaded gCN exhibits a particularly suitable electronic structure for proton adsorption and ii) therefore they exhibit the highest H₂-evolution efficiency per SA than other metal SA-loaded gCN. Finally, the 8.6 times higher H₂-evolution rate per active site of Pd SA is achieved than that of Pd-nanoparticles cocatalyst.     

Bounded Rationality,Group Formation and the Emergence of Trust: An Agent-Based Economic Model

Computational Economics - It is possible to model trust as an investment game, where a player in order to receive a reward or a better outcome, accepts a certain risk of defection by another...     

Evolution of the trappin multigene family in the Suidae

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of manipulating lung volume (LV) on phonatory and articulatory kinematic behavior during sentence production in healthy adults. Five men and five women repeated the sentence "I sell a sapapple again" under five LV conditions. These included (1) speaking normally, (2) speaking after exhaling most of the air from the lungs, (3) speaking at end expiratory level (EEL), (4) speaking after a maximal inhalation, and (5) speaking after a maximal inhalation while attempting to maintain as normal a mode of speech as possible. From a multichannel recording, measures were made of LV, sound pressure level (SPL), fundamental frequency (F0) and semitone standard deviation (STSD), and upper and lower lip displacements and peak velocities. When compared with the reference condition, the sentence was spoken significantly more quickly at the lowest LV. SPL increased significantly for the high LV condition, as did the women's F0 and STSD. Upper lip displacements and peak velocities generally decreased for LVs other than the reference condition. Lower lip movements showed inconsistent changes as a function of LV. Adjustments to the LV for speech led to SPL and F0 changes consistent with a coordinated control of the respiratory system and the larynx. However, less consistent effects were observed in the articulatory kinematic measures, possibly because of a less direct biomechanical and neural control linkage between respiratory and articulatory structures.     

Nitric oxide decomposition in air by using nonthermal plasmaprocessing with additives and catalyst

Catalyst (copper-coated zeolite catalyst, i.e., Cu-ZSM-5) was used to enhance NO_x removal plasma chemical reactions. Two kinds of hydrocarbons (2-propane-1-ol, 2-propanol) were added to the synthesized flue gas before the nonthermal plasma process, and their effects on NO_x removal characteristics were investigated. Enhancement effects of NO_x removal by the nonthermal plasma process with hydrocarbons as the additives were confirmed. Usually, the catalyst's working temperature is much higher than the room temperature. A catalytic reactor was installed after the plasma reactor. Catalytic effects on NO_x removal characteristics disappeared when the synthesized flue gas temperature was increased (~250°C). When the synthesized flue gas temperature was at room temperature, about 90% NO _x removal efficiency was realized with a combination of hydrocarbons, the catalytic reactor, and the pulsed discharge plasma     

Anisotropy in the resistive superconducting transition under magnetic fields in single crystal Pb2Sr2Ho0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8

Anisotropie properties of the single crystal Pb₂Sr₂Ho_0.5Ca_0.5Cu₃O₈ have been investigated by measuring the electrical resistivity in theab-planeρ _ab (H, θ,T), which depends on the angleθ between theab-plane and the magnetic-field direction, in various constant fieldsH perpendicular to the current direction. All the angle-dependent values ofρ _ab (H, θ,T) at a constant temperature are scaled to be on one curve as a function of reduced field. The anisotropic parameter γ≡(m _c ^* /m _ab ^* )^1/2 is estimated as 12–13, which is larger than that of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ and much smaller than that of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈. It has been concluded that the anisotropy does not always depend on the thickness of the blocking layer but seems to depend on the overlap of the electronic wave functions along thec-axis. Anisotropy in the pinning potential has also been discussed from the resistive tail in the temperature dependence ofρ _ab (H,θ,T).     

A scalable interest-oriented peer-to-peer pub/sub network

There has been a big challenge in structured peer-to-peer overlay network research area. Generally, a structured overlay network involves nodes evenly or based on their resource availabilities, and gathers nodes?? resources to achieve some bigger tasks. The challenge here is to gather resources based on nodes?? interests, and only interested nodes are involved in a certain task. Toward this challenge, we propose a new scheme to a peer-to-peer publish/subscribe network. Publish/subscribe represents a new paradigm for distributed content delivery. It provides an alternative to address-based communication due to its ability to decouple communication between the source and the destination. We propose a Bloom filter based mapping scheme to map IDs to nodes?? interests in addition to new interest proximity metric to forward events and to build nodes?? routing tables. We also propose a new approach called ??shared interest approach?? for network discovery. To evaluate the algorithms proposed in this work, we conducted simulations in both static and dynamic settings, and found a low false positive rate. We also discuss about a well-known application called Twitter, and show how our scheme would work in a real environment.     

Parametric estimation of affine deformations of planar shapes

We consider the estimation of affine transformations aligning a known 2D shape and its distorted observation. The classical way to solve this registration problem is to find correspondences between the shapes and then compute the transformation parameters from these landmarks. Here we propose a novel approach where the exact transformation is obtained as the solution of a polynomial system of equations. The method has been tested on synthetic as well as on real images and its robustness in the presence of segmentation errors and additive geometric noise has also been demonstrated. We have successfully applied the method for the registration of hip prosthesis X-ray images. The advantage of the proposed solution is that it is fast, easy to implement, has linear time complexity, works without established correspondences and provides an exact solution regardless of the magnitude of transformation.