Design of class-based storage racks for minimizing travel time in a three-dimensional storage system

This paper deals with a new storage structure layout method called ‘cubic-in-time’, for minimizing the travel time of selected handling equipment in a three-dimensional palletized storage system. Storage-system design algorithms for minimizing travel times are described, the results are analysed, and some general conclusions are drawn.     

Optical diffraction gratings embedded in BK-7 glass by low-density plasma formation using femtosecond laser

The optical embedded diffraction gratings with the internal refractive index modification in BK-7 glass plates were demonstrated using low-density plasma formation excited by a high-intensity femtosecond (130 fs) Ti: sapphire laser (λp=790 nm). The refractive index modifications with diameters ranging from 400 nm to 4 μm were photoinduced after plasma formation occurred upon irradiation with peak intensities of more than 1×1013 W/cm2. The graded refractive index profile was fabricated to be a symmetric around the center of the point at which low-density plasma occurred. The maximum refractive index change (Δn) was estimated to be 1.5×10-2. Several optical embedded gratings in BK-7 glass plate were demonstrated with refractive index modification induced by the scanning of low-density plasma formation.     

Studies on the surface chemistry based on competive adsorption of NOx-SO2 onto a KOH impregnated activated carbon in excess O2

This study identifies surface chemistry characteristics based on competitive behavior in the simultaneous adsorption behavior of NOx (NO rich) and SO2 using KOH impregnated activated carbon (K-IAC) in excess O2. The NOx and SO2 adsorption on K-IAC occurred mainly through the acid-base reaction. The high surface area with many pores of activated carbon acted as storage places of oxide crystal produced from NOx and SO2 adsorption. KOH, an impregnant, provided the selective adsorption sites to NOx and SO2, enabling simultaneous adsorption. However, larger amounts of SO2, with higher adsorption affinity to K-IAC compared to NOx, were adsorbed in a NOx/SO2 coexistent atmosphere. Oxygen was chemisorbed to K-IAC, which enhanced the selective adsorptivity for NO. In binary-component adsorption of NOx and SO2 on K-IAC, oxide crystals such as KNO, (x = 2,3) and K2SOx (x = 3,4) were dominantly formed through two different adsorption mechanisms by chemical reacton. Depending on the extent that oxide crystals blocked pores, compositions of oxide crystals were distributed differently according to depth.     

Adsorption characteristics of SO2 on activated carbon prepared from coconut shell with potassium hydroxide activation

The adsorption characteristics of SO2 were studied with KOH-impregnated granular activated carbon (K-IAC). To confirm selective SO2 adsorptivity of K-IAC using a fixed bed adsorption column, experiments were conducted on the effects of KOH and of linear velocity, temperature, and concentration. In addition, changes in features before and after adsorption were observed by utilizing FTIR, XRD, ToF-SIMS, and AES/SAM, examining the surface chemistry. K-IAC adsorbed 13.2 times more SO2 than did general activated carbon (GAC). The amount of SO2 adsorbed increased as linear velocity and concentration increased and as temperature decreased. At lower temperature, the dominant reaction between KOH and SO2 produces K2-SO3 and H2O. Any H2O remaining on the surface is converted into H2SO4 as SO2 and O2 are introduced. Then, the KOH and SO2 reaction produces K2SO4 and H2O. The surface characterization results proved that adsorption occurred through chemical reaction between KOH and SO2. The SO2 adsorbed K-IAC exists in the form of stable oxide crystal, K2SO3 and K2SO4, due to potassium. The basic feature given to the surface of activated carbon by KOH impregnation was confirmed to be acting as the main factor in enhancing SO2 adsorptivity.     

Linear Heating Rate Affects Gelation of Alaska Pollock and Pacific Whiting Surimi

Shear stress of Alaska pollock surimi gels with and without beef plasma protein (BPP) increased as heating rate decreased, but shear strain was unaffected. An increase in shear stress was accompanied by an increase of cross-linked myosin heavy chain. Slow heating rates increased proteolysis in Pacific whiting surimi as shown by degradation of myosin heavy chain and low shear stress and shear strain. Proteolysis of whiting surimi was lessened by BPP to a greater extent at rapid heating rates (20 and 30°C/min) than at slow heating rates (1 and 5°C/min).     

Statistical Evaluation of Data for Detecting Adulteration of California Navel Orange Juice

Compositional data from California early-, mid-, and late-season navel orange juice, concentrate and two-stage pulpwash were analyzed by various statistical techniques (ratios, regression, chi-square, Linear combination, and discriminant analysis) for detecting adulteration. These techniques were evaluated according to applicability for detecting three types of adulteration: (1) addition of sugar and/or citric acid, (2) addition of excess or unauthorized pulpwash, and (3) addition of other constituents intended to mask the dilution. Most parameters were significantly affected by time of harvest following commercial maturity. Two-stage pulpwash showed small but significant differences from corresponding single strength juice. Product differences were of about the same magnitude as the differences due to harvest date.     

The Evolution of Techniques for the Winch Dyeing of Carpets— Some Practical Observations

The evolution of techniques for the piece dyeing of tufted carpets is discussed. Most of the development work was carried out on nylon and the piece dyeing of nylon tufted carpets is now well established. The application of the method to viscose rayon, polyester and some other fibres is discussed. Only a small number of dyes are required for each fibre to give a wide range of dyeings of adequate fastness properties.     

On joint detection,estimation and system identification: discrete data case†

The recent results of Lainiotis (1971 a, b, 1971) on single-shot, as well as multishot, joint detection, estimation and system identification for continuous data and dynamics are extended to multishot, discrete data and discrete dynamical systems. The results are given for the signals generated by the linear dynamical systems with unknown parameter vectors and driven by white gaussian sequences, where the observation contains additive white gaussian noise. Specifically, it is shown that the above problem constitutes a class of non-linear mean-square estimation problems. By utilizing the adaptive approach, closed-form integral expressions are obtained for simultaneously optimal detection, estimation and system identification. In addition, several approximate algorithms that utilize linear Kalman estimators are presented to limit the storage requirement to finite size and reduce computational requirements. The results presented in this paper are applicable to both independent and Markov signalling sources