内蒙古冬季极端多雪气候事件环流演变特征及季节预测信号

文章研究关注了内蒙古冬季极端多雪气候事件的季节预测问题,在对大量降水观测资料、海温及大气环流场资料进行统计、分析、研究的基础上,确定了历史上58a(1960—2017年)内蒙古冬季极端多雪和少雪气候事件样本,通过对大气环流场的对比分析发现极端多雪或少雪冬季环流场特征显著不同,分析后确定了影响内蒙古冬季降雪的主要环流系统,包括西太平洋副热带高压、极涡、东亚大槽、环流E型及南方涛动等系统。同时,探索了对这些主要环流系统具有预测意义的来自海洋和大气场的预测信号,对预测信号关键区做了标准化定量提取,确定了预测信号综合指数分段判别阈值,给出了预测概念模型,取得了较好预测效果。     

Identifying effects of local and nonlocal factors of soil water storage using cyclical correlation analysis

There are various factors governing the spatial and temporal variability of soil water storage including soil properties, topography and vegetation. Some factors act locally, whereas others act nonlocally, which means that a factor measured at one location has effect on soil water storage at another location. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of local and nonlocal controls of soil water storage in a hummocky landscape using cyclical correlation analysis. Soil water storage, soil properties and terrain indices were measured along a 128‐point transect of 576 m long from the semiarid, hummocky, prairie pothole region of North America. There are large coefficients of determination (r²) between soil water storage and sand content (r² = 0.32–0.53), organic carbon content (r² = 0.22–0.56), depth to carbonate layer (r² = 0.13–0.63), wetness index (r² = 0.25–0.45) and other variables at the measurement scale at different times, indicating strong local effects from these variables. The correlation coefficients were also calculated by physically shifting the spatial series of soil water storage with respect to that of controlling factors. The shifting improves the correlation between the spatial series, and the length of shifting indicated the difference in the response of soil water to its controlling factors. For example, the value of r² increased more than eightfold (r² = 0.47–0.64) after shifting the spatial series of soil water storage by 54 m, almost equal to the average length of existing slope, compared with the very weak correlation (r² = 0.02–0.08) at the measurement scale. This indicated the nonlocal effect from the relative elevation. The identification of nonlocal effects from factors improves the prediction of soil water storage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of chemical environment on the solubility and incorporation mechanism for hydrogen in olivine

To investigate the solubility and the sites of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine as a function of point defect concentration, two-stage high-temperature annealing experiments have been carried out. The first annealing stage (the dry preannealing stage) was conducted at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa, a temperature of 1300° C and various oxygen fugacities in the range 10^?11–10^?4 MPa for times > 12 h. In these heat treatments, the samples were buffered against either orthopyroxene or magnesiowustite, or they remained unbuffered. The second annealing stage (the hydrothermal annealing stage) was performed at 300 MPa and 900–1050 ° C under a hydrogen fugacity of ～ 158 MPa for 1–5 h. Infrared spectra from the annealed samples revealed two distinct groups of bands. Group I bands occurred at wavenumbers in the range 3450–3650 cm^?1, while Group II bands occurred in the range 3200–3450 cm^?1. The hydrogen solubility associated with Group I bands is proportional to f _{O 2} to the 1/6 power for samples preannealed in contact with orthopyroxene, to the 1/3 power for samples preannealed in contact with magnesiowustite, and to the 1/13 power for samples preannealed in the absence of a solid-state buffer. The hydrogen concentration for Group II bands varies with f _{o 2} to the 1/3 power for opxbuffered samples, to the 1/2 power for mw-buffered samples, and to the 1/3 power for unbuffered samples. The dependence of hydrogen solubility on oxygen fugacity and orthopyroxene activity suggests that hydrogen is incorporated into the olivine structure via association with point defects. The presence of two distinct groups of absorption bands indicates that hydrogen is associated with two distinct lattice defects. The following point defect model for the mechanism of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine is consistent with these results: Hydrogen ions responsible for the Group I bands are associated with doubly charged oxygen interstitials, while hydrogen ions responsible for the Group II bands are associated with singly charged oxygen interstitials. Furthermore, the infrared bands observed in naturally derived olivines are present in spectra from our hydrothermally annealed crystals. Thus, the mechanisms of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine under geological conditions are the same as those operative under laboratory conditions. The maximum solubility reached in these experiments was ～ 360H/10⁶Si, which corresponds to ～ 0.002 wt% of H₂O. This value is a lower bound for the solubility of hydrogen in olivine under upper mantle conditions.     

东亚梅雨锋暴雨研究进展

对梅雨锋的大尺度环流、梅雨锋的次天气尺度和中尺度特征、梅雨锋低空急流和暴雨发展等问题的研究进展作了概述，对低空急流和暴雨发展的各种观点进行了评述，并提出了新的见解和研究结果。     

The typing of Au and base-metal occurrences by plasma/mass spectrometry: initial results

This paper discusses the application of the newly developed ELAN 250 I.C.P./mass spectrometer to exploration geochemistry. This instrument combines an inductively coupled plasma with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The combination of these two existing technologies makes it possible for the first time to perform stable-isotope and elemental analysis rapidly and concurrently.Particular attention is paid to the use of lead isotopes to type Au and base-metal occurrences. Data are presented on galena samples obtained from the Geological Survey of Canada and the Royal Ontario Museum. Consideration is also given to the potential usefulness of Pb isotopes and trace-element data to type mineral occurrences and to identify new ones.     

日本GMS低云风的若干统计特征及应用于北太平洋西部风场分析的初步试验

气象卫星对气象科学的发展起着重大的作用。静止气象卫星对广大热带海洋区域提供的气象资料,对热带的天气分析和预报起着特别重要的作用。美国、欧洲空间厅和日本已开展了静止卫星云图云风测定业务。许多研究已证明,卫星云风与同高度无线电测风相当一致。而且在天气分析和预报以及大气环流的研究中是很有价值的气象资料。Hub—     

一次梅雨锋低空急流形成的分析

对1979年6月24—25日的一次梅雨锋低空急流的形成进行了分析,它的形成是由于在300mb高空急流中心附近产生的地转不平衡,使急流入口区的右侧造成高空辐散的作用。当高空急流中心东移,急流入口区右侧的高空辐散区移到江淮流域上空,由此高空辐散引起对流层下部的质量调整,致使低空造成降压区与辐合。这降压区造成的变压风迭加到低空的西南气流上,沿通过该负变压区(或负变高区)中心的西南气流作为一条轴线,轴线的右侧变压风使西南风偏向低压一侧,从而使西南风的动能增加;轴线的左侧变压风使西南风偏向高压一侧,从而使西南风的动     

Neotectonics of the Pontides: implications for ‘incompatible’ structures along the North Anatolian fault

Data for the post-Serravallian, ‘neotectonic’ evolution of the Pontides in northern Turkey indicate predominant ENE-WSW shortening with complementary NNW-SSE extension. We present a new fault plane solution for the Bartin earthquake (3 September 1968) and compare its mechanism with the movement picture of other neotectonic faults in the Pontides and northern Greece together with that of the Thessaloniki earthquake (20 May 1978). The general strain pattern exhibited by these structures agrees remarkably well with that inferred from early Tortonian-early Pleistocene structures reported from within the North Anatolian fault zone, which have been interpreted as indicating a possible reversal of the sense of movement along the North Anatolian transform fault. Here, we argue that such ‘incompatible’ structures may be related to the overall E-W shortening of Anatolia and the southern parts of the Black Sea resulting from the sideways continental escape from around the African and the Arabian promontories, rather than to hypothetical reversal of motion along the North Anatolian fault, for which there is no evidence other than the above-mentioned ‘incompatible’ structures. This new model also has important implications for seismicity and earthquake risk in regions contained within the southern part of the Black Sea plate.     

1904～1907年拉萨气候特征再分析

通过对以《有泰拉萨天气日志》为主的历史文献资料的深入挖掘 ,作者分析了 1 90 4年 2月 9日～ 1 90 7年 4月 1 7日拉萨的气候特征 :气候温暖 ,暖冬现象显著 ,而且 1 90 5年气温高于 1 90 4年 ;干旱气候占主导地位 ,间有多雨期 ;天气多变 ,多风 ,有雾 ;水灾、雪灾、干旱等自然灾害严重。拉萨与全球同时段的气候变化大体一致。     

地下水超采对农业灌溉的影响及对策研究

在北方一些灌区,由于地下水的过量开采,出现了水位持续下降、地下水矿化度增加、土壤盐渍化等一系列环境问题.一些灌区对地下水的可采资源量估计过高,造成目前超采仍有进一步发展的趋势.因此必须采取有效措施控制地下水超采,实现灌区农业的可持续发展、保护环境.讨论灌区地下水超采的判别方法、超采对灌区的影响、以及应采取的对策.