横穿贝加尔湖山脉北部寒区的线性工程

The development of North Transbaikalye mineral resources (e. g. the Chiney deposit of iron titanium-vanadium-magnetite ores and Udokan copper deposits) is impossible without the establishment of industrial and transport infrastructure, one component of which are linear engineering constructions (drive railways, by-line auto roads, platform passages, protecting constructions, and others). However,on condition of spreading permafrost rocks this is conjugated with certain ecological risk just as from the transport network objects so for the objects themselves. A special attention is paid in the paper to considering of problems of projecting and constructing railways on the Udokan ridge.     

多年冻土地区金刚石矿的环境问题--以Yakutia 西北部Anabar矿为例

Placer diamond mining in the Anabar area involves various operations that cause long-term (nearly a quarter of a century) environmental impacts. The long history of mining activities, the technology used to mine the placers, as well as the poor assimilative capacity of the natural systems can result in serious environmental impacts in the area. The primary geochemical processes in the diamond-bearing area are affected by the occurrence of permafrost and relict ice, the lengthy duration of ice cover in water bodies, and the widespread development of cryogenic processes. This promotes physical migration of contaminants, cryogenic metamorphization of waters, and long-term accumulation of organic contaminants in low-temperature, reduction and sedimentation barriers. In this paper, some environmental and geochemical effects of diamond mining in the Arctic area are discussed.     

探测冰盖和多年冻土层的融冰探头研发

The exploration of ice sheets by melting vertical holes into the ground has some tradition in terrestrial glaciology. Such probes have been used since the 1960's to investigate the vertical structure of the ice in Greenland and Antarctica and in alpine glaciers. In this paper we look into the possibility to develop similar devices for use on extraterrestrial icy bodies, like e.g. the polar areas on Mars or the icy satellites of the outer solar system. We report on some basic experiments performed in the cryo-vacuum laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz. In these experiments the penetration of a simple melting probe into compact and porous water ice (with a snow-like texture) was monitored, both under vacuum conditions and under air pressure. The observed penetration speeds for a given power supply are compared with a simple mathematical model. We conclude that a miniature melting probe with small overall dimensions and a reasonable power demand could well be part of the payload of a future planetary mission, for example to the poles of Mars. Such missions are currently under discussion in several space agencies. Moreover such probes could also e? ectively be used in terrestrial environments. A possible design is presented at the end of the paper.     

中国的重复性地震事件

从1985年到2000年间，中国及其邻近地区大约10％的地震事件属于重复性地震事件，并且彼此间不超过1km。我们对约14000个地震和爆炸的地震图做互相关，计算了相对到时约0．01 s，并使横向定位精度达到了100m～300m。这样的精度对于地震危险性研究、地震物理、禁止核试验的核查都非常重要。通过对已有的资料重复性信号的识别和测量，提高了定位精度，改进了在读取初至到时和定位方面目前程序的不精确性。     

地震火山相互作用

新近的测量、统计分析和模型都支持大地震可以在出人意料的大距离和时间尺度上触发后续火山喷发的猜想。     

河流和水井对地震的反应

地震引起的地壳形变和地面振动可通过地表沉积层的固结、固体岩石的破裂、含水层的变形以及裂隙填充物的清除改变河流和井水位。虽然局部条件会影响反应的类型和幅度，但报道水文对地震反应的观测报告说明，出现河流和井水位变化的最大距离与地震震级有关。地震引起的河流变化可在距震中几十到数百千米的区域内观察到，而井水位的变化可在距震中几百至几千千米的区域内出现。     

由触发地震活动性的级联解释前震

大地震前观测到前震，以及认为前震具有特殊的性质使得它们能够同其他地震区别开来，所有这些增加了地震是可以预报的希望。所提出的异常属性包括：震级较大的前震相对于震级较小的前震占有比正常值更高的比例；以到主震的时间为参数，地震活动速率以幂律加速；将许多地震序列进行平均时，前震在空间上向主震迁移。使用南加利福尼亚的地震活动性数据，我们证明了这些性质以及其他性质都可由一简单模型得到，这一模型认为，不管前震、余震和主震，任何一个地震都能触发其他地震。我们发现前震的前兆性质同主震的大小无关。这意味着：由于根据过去的地震活动性并考虑触发的级联作用，地震活动速率是可以预报的，因此地震(无论大震还是小震)也是可以预报的。触发的级联作用很自然地产生了大范围、长时间的交互作用，这可以用来解释在非常大尺度范围内观测到的地震活动性相关现象。     

Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation （Oct. 18-12, 2004, Yichang, China）

The Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation (9^th ISRS) has been successfully held on Oct. 18 to 21, 2004 at the site of the partially completed Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River near Yichang of Hubei Province, China. The Symposium is organized by the Ministry of Water Resources,     

INAUGURATION OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH （WASER）

The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research, the name of which has been abbreviated to WASER, was inaugurated on 19 Oct. 2004 during the 9^th International Symposium on River Sedimentation in Yichang, China. Dr. Des Walling, the President of the new Association,     

Electron microscopy study of the sakhaite from endogenous borate deposit in Hunan, China

Sakhaite was first discovered by Ostrovskaya, Pertsev and Nikitina at Siberia in the former Soviet Union. By using the X-ray diffraction technique, they proved that the crystal system of sakhaite was cubic (a = 1.464 nm), its possible space groups were Fm3m, F432, F43m, Fm3, F23, and its crystal chemical for-mula was Ca48Mg16(CO3)16(BO3)28Cl4(OH)8 4H2O[1]. Chichagov, Simonov and Belov studied the crystal structure of synthetic sakhaite and determined that its space group was F4132, …