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Ralf Bandorf Dr. Wolfgang Diehl Dipl.‐Ing Ulrike Heckmann Dipl.‐Phys. Simone Kondruweit Dr. Andreas Pflug Dr. Harald Holeczek Dipl.‐Ing. Martin Metzner Dr. Udo Klotzbach Dr. Andreas Leson Dr. Otmar Zimmer Dr. 《真空研究与实践》2008,20(5):14-19
Propositions and Trends – With Functional Surfaces into the Future Functional surfaces are the key to innovative products. Already today the properties, lifetime, and costs for most industrial and consumer products are determined by functionalised surfaces. Three Fraunhofer Institutes supported by the BMBF investigated the actual state of the art of production technology regarding functional surfaces, their future perspectives and the research and development demand. The results are published in the study “Production technology for the generation of functional surfaces” available at info@ist.‐ fraunhofer.de and the essentials are summarised in this article. 相似文献
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There is an advantage for users of electrospray and nanospray mass spectrometry to have an understanding of the processes involved in the conversion of the ions present in the solution to ions in the gas phase. The following processes are considered: Creation of charge droplets at the capillary tip; Electrical potentials required and possibility of gas discharges; Evolution of charged droplets, due to solvent evaporation and Coulomb explosions, to very small droplets that are the precursors of the gas phase ions; Production of gas phase ions from these droplets via the Ion Evaporation and Charge residue models; Analytical uses of ESIMS of small ions, qualitative and quantitative analysis; Effects of the ESI mechanism on the analysis of proteins and protein complexes; Determination of stability constants of protein complexes; Role of additives such as ammonium acetate on the observed mass spectra. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:898–917, 2009 相似文献
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D. Fink A. Chandra W.R. Fahrner K. Hoppe H. Winkelmann A. Saad P. Alegaonkar A. Berdinsky D. Grasser R. Lorenz 《Vacuum》2008,82(9):900-905
In the past years, fundaments were set for a new type of electronics which is based on tracks in insulators formed by individual or multiple swift heavy ions. Due to the possibility of inserting any (semi)conducting material into these tracks, various active and passive electronic devices can be created. Among them are also transistor-like and Esaki diode-like elements. As many of these structures have sensing properties and the capability to undergo logic decisions, autonomous intelligent sensors appear to be a favourite field for future application. The use of liquid conductors may even expand the range of applicability towards medical implants. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. Udo Gamer 《Forschung im Ingenieurwesen》1987,53(4):118-120
Zusammenfassung Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Spannungsverteilung in der unendlichen elastisch-plastischen Scheibe, die durch die Druckbelastung
einer kreisf?rmigen Bohrung hervorgerufen wird. Der Rechnung liegt die Trescasche Flie?bedingung, die zugeordnete Flie?regel
sowie lineare isotrope Verfestigung zugrunde. Bestimmt werden ferner die Restspannungen und die Aufweitung der Bohrung. 相似文献
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This paper addresses self-sensing (“sensorless”) control of salient-pole permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The major contribution of this work is the introduction of a simple-to-implement estimation technique that operates over a wide speed range, including zero speed. The technique achieves simplicity by decoupling the inherent cross-coupling in PMSMs. The technique utilizes the dependence of inductance on rotor position in interior permanent magnet machines to produce position and velocity estimates both for field orientation and for all motion control of the drives. The technique functions in a manner similar to a resolver and resolver-to-digital converter (RTDC) sensing system, whereby in the proposed technique the motor acts as the electromagnetic resolver and the power converter applies carrier-frequency voltages to the stator which produce high-frequency currents that vary with position. The sensed currents are then processed with a heterodyning technique that produces a signal that is approximately proportional to the difference between the actual rotor position and an estimated rotor position. This position error signal and a torque estimate are then used as inputs to a Luenberger style observer to produce parameter insensitive, zero lag, position and velocity estimates 相似文献