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91.
Styrene/hexadecane miniemulsions were polymerized at 50°C using a redox initiator. The miniemulsions and their corresponding latexes were characterized in terms of size, polymerization rate, and surface properties. The resulting data were analyzed to elucidate the miniemulsion stabilization and polymerization mechanisms. It was found that the free surfactant concentration exceeded the critical micelle concentration when large amounts of surfactant (60 mM sodium lauryl sulfate) were used, resulting in simultaneous micellar and droplet nucleation. Most surfactant was on the surface of the droplets (85%) or particles (95%). The fractional surface coverage was proportional to the surfactant concentration to the 0.55 power. Using a particle diameter equation, the number of particles was calculated to be proportional to the surfactant concentration to the 1.35 power. Through direct particle size measurements, a power of 1.38 was confirmed. The rate of polymerization was determined by reaction calorimetry to be proportional to the number of particles to the 0.59 power, in contrast to classical Smith–Ewart kinetics for conventional emulsions (1.0 power). The average number of radicals per particle was estimated from the rate and number data, and varied with the particle diameter to the 0.97 power. The observed kinetic dependencies were validated through an extension of Smith–Ewart theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3987–3993, 2003  相似文献   
92.
In this work, RF MEMS continuous reversible variable inductor has been fabricated by using microelectronic technology and lamination process. We review, evaluate and compare this variable inductor with other work. The proposed inductor is a dual circular coil and has an inductance of few nH. The fundamental idea is to place a liquid droplet between the metal turns of a coil in order to modify the capacitive/resistive coupling between metal tracks and hence to change the stored magnetic energy. The SU-8 resin was used to realize the microfluidic channels and Au as metallic tracks. To prove the reversibility of the inductor, two cases were studied: filling and emptying of channels. The tuning range of the inductance is approximately 107 % at 1.6 GHz, making these devices very suitable as building blocks in many RF applications.  相似文献   
93.
Cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics were treated against microbial attack by applying a formulation based essentially on ZnO under high‐energy radiation and thermal curing. To achieve the homogeneity and the reactivity of the treating formulation, a binder (Impron MTP) and a dispersing agent (Setamol WS) were used with ZnO. The antimicrobial property of the fabrics was evaluated, in terms of mechanical properties, by a soil burial test. Moreover, the effect of antimicrobial finishing on the dyeing properties in terms of color strength was investigated. It was found that the best composition that affords the best antimicrobial protection to cotton fabrics contains 2% ZnO, 2% binder, and 1% dispersing agents. For the cotton/polyester blend, the best results were achieved at the same conditions except the ZnO was 1%. It was found that the treatment under the effect of electron‐beam irradiation is better than that of gamma irradiation and thermal curing. The results showed that when the finishing process was carried out before dyeing with a reactive dye, it affects the color strength rather than performing the finishing after the dyeing process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1129–1137, 2003  相似文献   
94.
Miniemulsification technology was used to encapsulate TiO2 particles inside a styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer with high loading levels (11 to 70% PVC (pigment volume concentration)). In this approach, a St/BA copolymer dissolved in toluene in the presence of a costabilizer (hexadecane) was mixed with a dispersion of TiO2 particles in toluene and sonified, and then emulsified in an aqueous surfactant solution by sonification. The effect of sonification time on both the dispersibility of the TiO2 particles in the presence of the copolymer and hexadecane and on the encapsulated particle size was investigated. Particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering showed that these composite latexes are quite stable. It was also found that as the TiO2 loading increased from 11 to 43% PVC, the particle size of the TiO2 dispersion decreased while the polymer‐encapsulated TiO2 particle size increased. The effect of surfactant concentration (sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS) on the encapsulated particle size was investigated using four different SLS concentrations in the 11% PVC system. The results showed that as the SLS concentration increased the particle size decreased, as expected. Also it was found that the minimum surfactant concentration that gives stable encapsulated TiO2 particles is above 10 mM SLS. The role of HD in the recipe was studied for an artificial latex containing no TiO2 and one prepared at 11% PVC, in terms of particle size before and after solvent stripping, and its effect on the Tg. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4504–4516, 2006  相似文献   
95.
This research presents an autonomous robotic framework for academic, vocational and training purpose. The platform is centred on a 6 Degree Of Freedom (DOF) serial robotic arm. The kinematic and dynamic models of the robot have been derived to facilitate controller design. An on-board camera to scan the arm workspace permits autonomous applications development. The sensory system consists of position feedback from each joint of the robot and a force sensor mounted at the arm gripper. External devices can be interfaced with the platform through digital and analog I/O ports of the robot controller. To enhance the learning outcome for beginners, higher level commands have been provided. Advanced users can tailor the platform by exploiting the open-source custom-developed hardware and software architectures. The efficacy of the proposed platform has been demonstrated by implementing two experiments; autonomous sorting of objects and controller design. The proposed platform finds its potential to teach technical courses (like Robotics, Control, Electronics, Image-processing and Computer vision) and to implement and validate advanced algorithms for object manipulation and grasping, trajectory generation, path planning, etc. It can also be employed in an industrial environment to test various strategies prior to their execution on actual manipulators.  相似文献   
96.
The behaviour of reactive dyes of high reactivity during the printing process of 100% cotton fabrics from an alkaline and acidic printing paste was studied in detail. The printing pastes were stored for different periods of time and then the fabrics were printed. The samples were subjected to two methods of fixation, the first by steaming and the second by thermofixation. The effects of different factors such as alkali and acid concentration, storage time of the printing pastes and method of fixation on the K/S values of the prints were investigated. The fastness properties of the printed areas were also measured to determine the improvement obtained by acidic printing with high-reactivity reactive dyes on cotton fabrics.  相似文献   
97.
Medical data feature a number of characteristics that make their classification a complex task. Yet, the societal significance of the subject and the computational challenge it presents has caused the classification of medical datasets to be a popular research area. A new hybrid metaheuristic is presented for the classification task of medical datasets. The hybrid ant–bee colonies (HColonies) consists of two phases: an ant colony optimization (ACO) phase and an artificial bee colony (ABC) phase. The food sources of ABC are initialized into decision lists, constructed during the ACO phase using different subsets of the training data. The task of the ABC is to optimize the obtained decision lists. New variants of the ABC operators are proposed to suit the classification task. Results on a number of benchmark, real-world medical datasets show the usefulness of the proposed approach. Classification models obtained feature good predictive accuracy and relatively small model size.  相似文献   
98.
We aim to show the existence of agglomeration by measuring and modelling secondary nucleation and crystal growth rates of calcium sulphate hemihydrate, CaSO4-0.5 H2O, in concentrated phosphoric acid solutions. Using a batch crystallizer we measured the evolution of the population density as a function of supersaturation, H2SO4 excess and stirring rates. All experiments were carried out at 90 °C in solutions at 40 wt.% of P2O5, simulating the usual conditions for crystallizing hemihydrate in the industrial processes of phosphoric acid production. Nucleation and growth rates were calculated from the population number densities, using the moments analysis method. A model is presented for describing the crystallization process of hemihydrate. It is shown that secondary nucleation and growth rates are quadratic functions of supersaturation. H2SO4 concentrations affect supersaturation but at the same supersaturation the growth rates are not significantly different. Nucleation is independent of the stirring rate, whereas growth rates are slightly affected for stirring rates up to 500 rpm. Taking agglomeration into account, the moments method fits very well the experimental data.  相似文献   
99.
Miscible polymer blends based on various ratios of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared in film form by the solution casting technique using benzene as a common solvent. The thermal decomposition behavior of these blends and their individual homopolymers before and after γ‐irradiation at various doses (50–250 kGy) was investigated. The thermogravimetric analysis technique was utilized to determine the temperatures at which the maximum value of the rate of reaction (Tmax) occurs and the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition. The rate of reaction curves of the individual homopolymers or their blends before or after γ‐ irradiation displayed similar trends in which the Tmax corresponding to all polymers was found to exist in the same position but with different values. These findings and the visual observations of the blend solutions and the transparency of the films gave support to the complete miscibility of these blends. Three transitions were observed along the reaction rate versus temperature curves; the first was around 100–200°C with no defined Tmax, which may arise from the evaporation of the solvent. The second Tmax was in the 340–380°C range, which depended on the polymer blend and the γ‐irradiation condition. A third transition was seen in the rate of reaction curves only for pure PVAc and its blends with PMMA with ratios up to 50%, regardless of γ‐ irradiation. We concluded that γ‐irradiation improved the thermal stability of PVAc/PMMA blends, even though the PMMA polymer was degradable by γ irradiation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1773–1780, 2006  相似文献   
100.
Electrosynthesis of peroxodiphosphate ions (P2O84–) was performed in 2m K3PO4, 1m K2HPO4 medium, using a platinum anode. The results showed that under conditions of potentiostatic polarization at constant potential, the reaction rate reaches a maximum value of 125mAcm–2 and a faradaic yield of 30%. From about 1.9V, the reaction kinetics are increasingly inhibited as the potential shifts positively. Rapid scanning potential voltammetry was used to characterize the oxidation state of the electrode surface. This method shows that the growth of (PtO) and (PtO2 or PtO3) oxides depend on the applied potential. It also establishes a correlation between the inhibition of P2O84– ion electrosynthesis and the oxide coating surface. When 2×10–3m KSCN is added to the solution, some oxygen evolution sites are selectively blocked and oxide occurs at more positive potential values. Consequently, the rate of peroxodiphosphate ion formation and the faradaic efficiency are increased to 380mAcm–2 and 75%, respectively. Under pulsed potential conditions it was possible to reach 1200mAcm–2 for P2O84– ion electrosynthesis with a faradaic yield of 82%.  相似文献   
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