Leckageraten von Dichtungen für Flanschverbindungen: Einflußgrößen,Anforderungen, meßtechnische Erfassung und leckageratenbezogene Dichtungskennwerte

Flow theories can help in determining the fundamental interrelationships between the leak rate of gaskets for flange connections and the relevant influencing parameters. The basic rule for the transfer of results obtained for special boundary conditions to other conditions can be derived. In this way the effort involved in gasket testing can be reduced. This paper gives the interrelations between the leak rate of gaskets on the one hand and the internal pressure, the temperature, the medium, and the gasket thickness on the other and discusses them with aid of measured results. The effect of the gasket stress and thickness can be determined only of experimental investigations. Furthermore, the requirements placed on gaskets, the leak rate related gasket characteristics defined in various standards and the measuring techniques for their determination are discussed.     

A NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE FLOW AROUND A SPHERE IN A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

A numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is presented for Poiseuille flow around an axially placed, fixed sphere in a circular cylinder. Streamlines and isovorticity lines are calculated from the governing equations for the strearnfunction and the vorticity. Isobars are calculated from a Poisson equation, derived from the Navier-Stokes equations. The pressure and vorticity distribution on the surface of the sphere, the additional pressure drop and the drag coefficients are presented. Solutions are obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 150 (based on cylinder diameter and mean velocity). The wall effects are examined by comparison with results of previous investigations for an unbounded flow around a sphere.     

Esterification and Transesterification of Renewable Chemicals

An overview is given of newly developed Lewis or Brønsted acid and base catalysts for esterification, transesterification and ester interchange reactions. The most relevant applications of these catalysts and reactions in the domain of renewable resources, in particular, oils and fats, are discussed.     

Restricted chain segment mobility in poly(amide) 6/clay nanocomposites evidenced by quasi-isothermal crystallization

Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry is used to explore the interactions between a poly(amide) 6 matrix and various types of clay reinforcement. During quasi-isothermal crystallization of the polymer/clay nanocomposites, an excess contribution is observed in the recorded heat capacity signal, due to reversible melting and crystallization. It is proposed that the magnitude of this excess contribution can be used to qualify the polymer/clay interfacial interaction, as it is directly linked to the segmental mobility of the polymer chains in the interphase region, where both the crystalline and amorphous polymer fractions are affected. It is shown that the interfacial interaction strongly depends on the type of clay filler used. These interactions play a key role in the development of specific material properties for the different types of nanocomposites. A simple interphase model for the poly(amide) 6/clay nanocomposites is proposed.     

Modification of margarine fats by enzymatic interesterification: Evaluation of a solid-fat-content-based exponential model with two groups of oil blends

Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed interesterification for the modification of margarine fats was carried out in a batch reactor at 70°C with a lipase dosage of 4%. Solid fat content (SFC) was used to monitor the reaction progress. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification, which led to changes in the SFC, was assumed to be a first-order reversible reaction. Accordingly, the change in SFC vs. reaction time was described by an exponential model. The model contained three parameters, each with a particular physical or chemical meaning: (i) the initial SFC (SFC₀), (ii) the change in SFC (ΔSFC) from the initial to the equilibrium state, and (iii) the reaction rate constant value (k). SFC_o and ΔSFC were related to only the types of blends and the blend ratios. The rate constant k was related to lipase activity on a given oil blend. Evaluation of the model was carried out with two groups of oil blends, i.e., palm stearin/coconut oil in weight ratios of 90∶10, 80∶20, and 70∶30, and soybean oil/fully hydrogenated soybean oil in weight ratios of 80∶20, 65∶35, and 50∶50. Correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 between the experimental and predicted values were observed for SFC at temperatures above 30°C. The model is useful for predicting changes in the SFC during lipase-catalyzed interesterification with a selected group of oil blends. It also can be used to control the process when particular SFC values are targeted.     

Chemical inhibitors when timing is critical: a pharmacological concept for the maturation of T cell contacts

Cellular signal transduction proceeds through a complex network of molecular interactions and enzymatic activities. The timing of these molecular events is critical for the propagation of a signal and the generation of a specific cellular response. To define the timing of signalling events, we introduce the combination of high-resolution confocal microscopy with the application of small-molecule inhibitors at various stages of signal transduction in T cells. Inhibitors of Src-family tyrosine kinases and actin dynamics were employed to dissect the role of the lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase Lck in the formation and maintenance of T cell receptor/CD3-dependent contacts. Anti-CD3epsilon-coated coverslips served as a highly defined stimulus. The kinetics of the recruitment of the yellow fluorescent protein-tagged signalling protein ZAP-70 were detected by high-resolution confocal microscopy. The analysis revealed that at 5 min after receptor engagement, Lck activity was required for maintenance of contacts. In contrast, after 20 min of receptor engagement, the contacts were Lck-independent. The relevance of the timing of inhibitor application provides a pharmacological concept for the maturation of T cell-substrate contacts.     

Sky Based Light Metering for High Dynamic Range Images

Image calibration requires both linearization of pixel values and scaling so that values in the image correspond to real‐world luminances. In this paper we focus on the latter and rather than rely on camera characterization, we calibrate images by analysing their content and metadata, obviating the need for expensive measuring devices or modeling of lens and camera combinations. Our analysis correlates sky pixel values to luminances that would be expected based on geographical metadata. Combined with high dynamic range (HDR) imaging, which gives us linear pixel data, our algorithm allows us to find absolute luminance values for each pixel—effectively turning digital cameras into absolute light meters. To validate our algorithm we have collected and annotated a calibrated set of HDR images and compared our estimation with several other approaches, showing that our approach is able to more accurately recover absolute luminance. We discuss various applications and demonstrate the utility of our method in the context of calibrated color appearance reproduction and lighting design.     

Spectral Ray Differentials

Light refracted by a dispersive interface leads to beautifully colored patterns that can be rendered faithfully with spectral Monte‐Carlo methods. Regrettably, results often suffer from chromatic noise or banding, requiring high sampling rates and large amounts of memory compared to renderers operating in some trichromatic color space. Addressing this issue, we introduce spectral ray differentials, which describe the change of light direction with respect to changes in the spectrum. In analogy with the classic ray and photon differentials, this information can be used for filtering in the spectral domain. Effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by filtering for offline spectral light and path tracing as well as for an interactive GPU photon mapper based on splatting. Our results show considerably less chromatic noise and spatial aliasing while retaining good visual similarity to reference solutions with negligible overhead in the order of milliseconds.