Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of commingled carbon fibre/PEEK composites

Carbon fibre/poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) composites were fabricated from plain weave cloth using the commingled yarn of carbon fibres with PEEK filaments. The undirectional specimen was made from the warp of commingled yarn and the weft of PEEK yarn, while the two-dimensional specimen was made from commingled yarns both of the warp and the weft. During the hot-pressing process, PEEK filaments melt to form the matrix of the composite. The interlaminar fracture toughness of the commingled composite was measured and compared with that of the prepreg composite. The critical strain energy release rates,/'G _Ics, obtained for the commingled composites were higher than the prepreg composite. In particular, the two-dimensional composite exhibited higherG _Ic than the unidirectional commingled composite. Factors increasing the fracture toughness of commingled composites have also been investigated by SEM observation of the fractured surface.     

Photoelectrochemical properties of sol–gel-derived Ti1−xVxO2 solid solution film photoelectrodes

Ti_1−xV_xO₂ solid solution film photoelectrodes were prepared by the dip-coating sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to ensure the formation of the solid solution and their composition. Obvious photoresponses were observed in the visible region for the solid solution film electrodes with x0.05 and the red shift of the photoresponse was enhanced with increasing x. Moreover, the solid solution film electrodes were found to be photoelectrochemically stable. However, the onset potential of photocurrent shifted positively with increasing x. Band model of the solid solution was suggested to explain the effects of the vanadium incorporation on the photoelectrochemical properties.     

0.25 μm gate length CMOS devices for cryogenic operation

Under cryogenic operation, a low V_th realizes a high speed performance at a greatly reduced power-supply voltage, which is the most attractive feature of Cryo-CMOS. It is very important in sub-0.25 μm Cryo-CMOS devices to reconcile the miniaturization and the low V_th. Double implanted MOSFET's technology was employed to achieve the low V_th while maintaining the short channel effects immunity. We have investigated both the DC characteristics and the speed performance of 0.25 μm gate length CMOS devices for cryogenic operation. The measured transconductances in the saturation region were 600 mS/mm for 0.2 μm gate length n-MOSFET's and 310 mS/mm for 0.25 μm gate length p-MOSFET's at 80 K. The propagation delay time in the fastest CMOS ring oscillator was 22.8 ps at V_dd=1 V at 80 K. The high speed performance at extremely low power-supply voltages has been experimentally demonstrated. The speed analysis suggests that the sub-l0 ps switching of Cryo-CMOS devices will be realized by reducing the parasitic capacitances and through further miniaturization down to 0.1 μm gate length or below     

Fat-soluble vitamin therapy in senile dementia and Parkinson's disease

In the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, free radicals might play a role. Fat-soluble vitamins are a kind of anti-oxidative substance. Therefore, fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin E, may be useful in treatment of Parkinson's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. However, it is still unclear whether the concentration of vitamin E in the blood or in the brain tissue, in patients with Parkinson's disease or with of the senile dementia Alzheimer type, is higher than or the same as that in normal subjects. Furthermore, although the effectiveness of vitamin E in the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been reported, the usefulness of vitamin E is still obscure. Further study will be necessary, in order to clarify the role of fat-soluble vitamins in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.     

Characteristics of estrogen decomposition by ozonation.

Since the natural estrogens 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and estron (E1), and the synthetic estrogen 17 alpha-ethynyl estradiol (EE2) have strong endocrine disrupting effects and the tendency to persist in effluent from wastewater treatment plants, effective measures are needed to remove them from wastewater. In this research, to gain an understanding of the characteristics of estrogen decomposition by ozonation, experiments were conducted using effluent from an actual wastewater treatment plant. In this experiment, estrogen was added to effluent at a concentration of 200 ng/l and 20 ng/l before the ozonation experiments. The results showed 90% or more of estrogen concentration and estrogenic activity of E2, El and EE2 to be removed at an ozone dose of 1 mg/l. At an ozone dose of 3 mg/l, the estrogen concentration and estrogenic activity of E2, El and EE2 in the treated water fell below the detection limit. The removal rate was not influenced by the kind of estrogen. No generation of byproducts with estrogenic activity was observed. The authors conclude that estrogen in secondary treated wastewater can be almost entirely removed at the practical ozone dose rate applied for the purpose of disinfection, which is up to about 5 mg/l.     

Implicit integration and consistent tangent modulus of a time‐dependent non‐unified constitutive model

This paper describes the implicit integration and consistent tangent modulus of an inelastic constitutive model with transient and steady strain rates, both of which are time‐ and temperature‐dependent; the transient rate is influenced by the evolution of back stress decomposed into parts, while the steady rate depends only on applied stress and temperature. Such a non‐unified model is useful for high‐temperature structural analysis and is practical owing to the ease in determining material constants. The implicit integration is shown to result in two scalar‐valued coupled equations, and the consistent tangent modulus is derived in a quite versatile form by introducing a set of fourth‐rank constitutive parameters into the discretized evolution rule of back stress. The constitutive model is, then, implemented in a finite element program and applied to a lead‐free solder joint analysis. It is demonstrated that the implicit integration is very accurate if the multilinear kinematic hardening model of Ohno and Wang is employed, and that the consistent tangent modulus certainly affords quadratic convergence to the Newton–Raphson iteration in solving nodal force equilibrium equations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvements of the T-Ω method for 3-D eddy currentanalysis

An improved T-Ω method that can analyze magnetic fields produced not only by eddy currents but also by magnetizing currents is proposed. The method is applied to the analysis of 3-D eddy-current models with holes. The usefulness of the method is investigated by comparing calculated results with measured results and with results obtained by the A-Φ method. The T-Ω method has the advantage that the CPU time can be considerably reduced when most of the analyzed region is current-free and the eddy current flows two-dimensionally. The method is especially effective when the shape of the winding is simple and the distribution of magnetizing current is known beforehand. It is not effective when most of the analyzed region is current-carrying     

An important factor affecting synergism on coprocessing of Taiheiyo coal with Athabasca oil sand bitumen

A series of mixtures of Japanese subbituminous Taiheiyo coal and Athabasca oil sand bitumen (AOB) with various coal concentrations (0–100 wt%) was coprocessed in a 70 ml autoclave at 420°C for 1 h in the presence of H₂ (50 kg/cm² at room temperature) and sulfided Ni---Mo/Al₂O₂ catalyst. The mixture containing 2 wt% coal produced the largest amount of hexane soluble fraction (HS) and the smallest amount of benzene insoluble fraction (BI). Thus, a synergistic liquid production occurred for this mixture with 2 wt% coal by suppressing the retrogressive reactions which proceeded for pure AOB. The HS obtained from mixtures with 2–30 wt% showed higher H/C ratios and lower heteroatom contents than those obtained from pure AOB and the mixtures with more than 30 wt% coal. The amounts of transferable hydrogen contained in the mixtures were estimated using anthracene as a hydrogen acceptor. The mixtures with 2–10 wt% coal contained higher amounts of donor hydrogen than pure AOB. The HS yield from the various mixtures was correlated with the amount of donor hydrogens contained in the mixtures, except for the mixture with 10 wt% coal. Thus, the important factor which results in synergism is suggested to be the amount of donor hydrogens contained in the feed mixtures.     

A scheme of picosecond pulse shaping using gain saturationcharacteristics of semiconductor laser amplifiers

To obtain high power, well shaped picosecond pulses from gain-switched semiconductor lasers, the use of dynamic gain saturation characteristics of semiconductor laser amplifiers was investigated theoretically and experimentally. A configuration of a reflected-wave amplifier (RWA) with single-side external coupling is introduced for pulse shaping, which is found to be suitable for enhancing dynamic gain saturation. By a combination of a distributed feedback laser oscillator at 1.3 μm in wavelength and a reflected-wave amplifier of 400 μm cavity length with asymmetric facet reflectivities of 0.01% and 30%, single-mode optical pulses with almost no tailing, full width at half maximum of 15 ps, and peak power exceeding 50 mW were obtained without pulse broadening, despite the considerable tail structure of the incident pulse