Coordination geometry of Zn~(2+) on hexagonal turbostratic birnessites with different Mn average oxidation states and its stability under acid dissolution

Hexagonal turbostratic birnessite,with the characteristics of high contents of vacancies,varying amounts of structural and adsorbed Mn~(3+),and small particle size,undergoes strong adsorption reactions with trace metal(TM)contaminants.While the interactions of TM,i.e.,Zn~(2+),with birnessite are well understood,the effect of birnessite structural characteristics on the coordination and stability of Zn~(2+)on the mineral surfaces under proton attack is as yet unclear.In the present study,the effects of a series of synthesized hexagonal turbostratic birnessites with different Mn average oxide states(AOSs)on the coordination geometry of adsorbed Zn~(2+)and its stability under acidic conditions were investigated.With decreasing Mn AOS,birnessite exhibits smaller particle sizes and thus larger specific surface area,higher amounts of layer Mn~(3+)and thus longer distances for the first Mn\O and Mn\Mn shells,but a low quantity of available vacancies and thus low adsorption capacity for Zn~(2+).Zn K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy demonstrates that birnessite with low Mn AOS has smaller adsorption capacity but more tetrahedral Zn(~(IV)Zn)complexes on vacancies than octahedral(~(VI)Zn)complexes,and Zn~(2+)is more unstable under acidic conditions than that adsorbed on birnessite with high Mn AOS.High Zn~(2+)loading favors the formation of~(VI)Zn complexes over~(IV)Zn complexes,and the release of Zn~(2+)is faster than at low loading.These results will deepen our understanding of the interaction mechanisms of various TMs with natural birnessites,and the stability and thus the potential toxicity of heavy metal pollutants sequestered by engineered nano-sized metal oxide materials.     

Insights into mercury in glacier snow and its incorporation into meltwater runoff based on observations in the southern Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau(TP) is recognized as "Water Tower of Asia". Yet our understanding of mechanisms influencing incorporation of mercury(Hg) into freshwater in mountain glaciers on the TP remains quite limited. Extensive sampling of environmental matrices(e.g., snow/ice)were conducted on the East Rongbuk glacier on Mt. Everest and Zhadang glacier on Mt.Nyainqentanglha for Hg speciation analysis. Speciated Hg behaved quite different during snowmelt: a preferential early release of DHg(dissolved Hg) was observed at the onset of snowmelt, whereas PHg(particulate-bound Hg) and THg(total Hg) become relatively enriched in snow and released later. Small fraction of Hg in snow was lost during a snowmelt day(18.9%–34.7%) with a large proportion(58.1%–87.3%) contributed by PHg decrease, indicating that the deposited Hg is most likely retained in glacier snow/ice. Furthermore, THg were positively correlated with PHg and crustal major ions(e.g., Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+)) during snowmelt, indicating that Hg is mainly migrated with particulates. The main pathway of Hg loss during snowmelt was most probably associated with release of PHg with meltwater, which was greatly influenced by ablation intensity of snow/ice. This should be paid particular concern as Hg preserved in mountain glaciers will mostly enter aquatic ecosystem as climate warms, impacting on downstream ecosystems adversely. Obvious decrease of THg during the downstream transport from glacier was observed with a large proportion contributed by PHg decrease. The main removal mechanism of Hg was associated with sedimentation of PHg during the transport process.     

基于成本效益法的矿山“六大系统”效益分析

在介绍矿山安全避险“六大系统”和成本效益法的基础上,结合矿山安全生产的实际情况,提出了矿山安全成本效益法的概念,并运用此概念对矿山安全避险“六大系统”的经济效益进行了分析,以实例说明矿山安全避险“六大系统”的建设可以为矿山企业带来社会效益和经济效益。     

钼酸铋光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

以表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG6000)为模板剂,调节其用量(0、10、20、30、40 g·L-1)通过水热法制备得到Bi3.64Mo0.36O6.55/Bi2MoO6纳米光催化剂,分别命名为(BMO-0、BMO-1、BMO-2、BMO-3,BMO-4).采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),紫外可见漫反射(DRS UV-Vis)和比表面仪(BET)对其进行表征,结果表明,制备得到的钼酸铋为立方相Bi3.64Mo0.36O6.55和单斜相Bi2MoO6的混合物,形貌为纳米片和纳米颗粒的混合体.在可见光(≥420 nm)照射下,研究了Bi3.64Mo0.36O6.55/Bi2MoO6光催化降解罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)和苯酚(phenol)的催化特性,探讨了在光催化剂制备过程中PEG6000用量对其可见光活性的影响,发现当PEG6000用量为20g·L-1时其光催化活性最好.可见光下照射2.5 h即可使RhB(1.37×10-5mol·L-1)100%脱色,光照12 h后对苯酚(1.48×10-3mol·L-1)的降解率达到35.15%.采用DPD分光光度法测定了体系中产生的双氧水(H2O2),并结合外加叔丁醇(t-butanol)、碘化钾(KI)等捕获剂试验,推测其催化机理主要为空穴氧化和超氧自由基(O·-2)协同氧化历程.     

机械加工过程产生含油污水的组合处理技术研究

依据机械加工中产生的含油废水的特点,采用"破乳+膜过滤+Fenton试剂氧化+生化"的组合工艺进行处理,进入生物滤池前采用间歇操作,处理后出水再与生活污水混合后进入生物滤池进行连续处理。连续运行结果表明:该组合工艺能够有效的去除机械加工过程产生的含油污水中的污染物,即工艺进口ρ(COD)从171 641 mg/L下降到小于50 mg/L,达到地方排放标准,处理效果良好。     

Response of soil microorganisms to vegetational succession in Ziwuling Forest

This study investigates the changes in soil microbial populations as vegetational succession progress from abandoned farmland to climax forest in the Ziwuling Forest, which is located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, China. Different organic C and total extractable N between the fumigated and non-fumigated soils were assumed to be released from soil microorganisms. Soil microbial C was calculated using Kec = 0.38 and microbial N was calculated using Ken = 0.45. The released P was converted to microbial biomass P using Kep = 0.40. Soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased as the vegetational succession progressed. Microbial C was of the highest amount in farmland. Microbial C, N, and P generally increased from abandoned land to climax community. The results indicated significant (P < 0.05) diversities of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation. There was a significant correlation between microbial biomass and soil nutrients. Knowledge about soil microbial populations is important for forecasting vegetational succession and determining the ecological condition of the environment.     

鼠尾藻和鸭毛藻水提液对三角褐指藻的抑制作用

调查了鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii和鸭毛藻Symphyocladia latiuscula水提液对三角褐指藻Phaeodactylum tricornutum 生长的抑制作用.结果表明,海藻水提液明显抑制三角褐指藻生长,并且这种抑制作用来自藻体活性物质(化感物质);鼠尾藻和鸭毛藻的化感物质既溶于水也溶于乙醇,随时间可能被三角褐指藻消耗尽或发生降解,因而抑制作用减弱以至消失,最大抑制发生在接种4 d.鼠尾藻和鸭毛藻水提液抑制三角褐指藻生长的半效应质量浓度(EC_(50,96h))分别为4.37g·L~(-1)和3.59g·L~(-1),暗示三角褐指藻对鸭毛藻水提液抑制的反应更敏感.     

无机氮和有机氮对水培番茄幼苗碳水化合物积累及氮素吸收的影响

采用2个番茄品种(申粉918、沪樱932),以营养液设置相同氮浓度(3.0 mmol/L,以N计)的NH4 -N、NO3-N、Gly-N三个处理,探讨无机氮(NH4 -N、NO3-N)和有机氮(Gly-N)对番茄幼苗生长、碳水化合物的积累及氮素吸收的影响.结果表明,在无机氮和有机氮存在的营养介质中,NH4 -N、Gly-N对番茄幼苗的生长有明显的抑制作用,对根系尤甚;与NO3-N处理相比,Gly-N、NH4 -N处理均显著提高了叶片可溶性糖、叶片和根系游离氨基酸含量以及各器官氮素含量,降低了叶片淀粉含量、各器官氮素积累量,而Gly-N处理的根系可溶性糖、淀粉含量升高;番茄幼苗基因型差异是否表现与氮素形态有关,以植株根系干重为指标的基因型差异在供应NO3-N时不表现;沪樱932的生长显著优于申粉918;不同品种对有机氮的吸收利用能力不同.     

顶空固相微萃取法测定饮用水中的氯仿

采用不同于传统涂层型纤维的体型活性碳纤维相微萃取测定饮用水中的氯仿,实验确定的萃取时间为６００ｓ,解吸时间为３ｍｉｎ,将萃取器针头完全插入气化室时的热解吸效果最佳,方法具有较好的重现性（４．１４％ＲＳＤ）,线性范围０－５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ,最低检测限为５ｎｇ／ｍｌ,用该方法和国家标准方法（ＧＢ５７５０－８５）对实际水样进行了分析比较,表明了顶空固相微萃取法检测结果与国标法相当,而灵敏度３．８倍于国标法,     

有机配体对铁电絮凝体系中羟基自由基氧化降解苯胺的影响

铁电絮凝(Fe-EC)是一种高效的水处理方法,但其中有机污染物的去除机制尚不明晰。为研究有机废水中常见的有机配体对铁电絮凝过程中羟基自由基(·OH)产生以及有机污染物降解的影响,采用了对照实验、淬灭实验和电子自旋共振(ESR)等测试方法。结果表明:草酸(H_2C_2O_4)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)能有效促进铁电絮凝对苯胺(AN)的氧化降解,而·OH是起主要作用的活性氧化物;草酸和EDTA体系中主要存在的Fe(Ⅱ)络合物浓度与羟基自由基产率成正相关关系,1 mol的Fe(Ⅱ)-EDTA~(2-)会产生235 mmol的·OH,是草酸的9倍;EDTA会与污染物竞争羟基自由基。进一步分析可知,在铁电絮凝体系中,EDTA的浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1)时,对苯胺氧化降解的促进效果最佳。以上研究结果可为认识铁电絮凝中污染物的去除机制提供参考。