珠三角地区冬季大气细颗粒物理化特性与成因

基于珠三角大气超级站2013年11月29日-12月17日大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度、主要水溶性离子组分及其重要气态前体物等参数的在线监测结果,揭示了当地冬季大气细颗粒物的理化特性,及细颗粒物二次组分与其气态前体物的相互作用规律,并结合同期南岭背景站PM2.5监测结果,评估长距离输送对珠三角PM2.5污染的影响。观测期间,SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的平均浓度分别为24.7、17.3和16.0μg/m3,占PM2.5中的平均比例之和为64.3%,说明二次转化是珠三角冬季细颗粒物的重要来源。珠三角冬季大气气态NH3平均浓度为13.1μg/m3,具有足量气态NH3以中和硫酸盐和硝酸盐;大气环境有利于NH4NO3的生成与存在,甚至可以导致NO3-迅速生成,使其浓度高于SO42-。不利气象条件下,污染物累积与转化是冬季PM2.5污染的主要成因,个别时段长距离输送的影响显著。     

Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25th to 27th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th–8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene (T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was 5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2–1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility 10 km and RH(relative humidity) 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA(sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA(secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO2-+4, NO-3, NH4 and SOA were 49.8(± 31.6), 31.4(±22.3), 25.8(±16.6) and 8.9(±4.1) μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO2-4,NO-3, NH+4, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR(sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR(nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO2-4and NO2 to NO-3, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

Peroxyacetyl nitrate observed in Beijing in August from 2005 to 2009

Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate（PAN） were made at a Beijing urban site each August from2005 to 2009. Over this 5-year period, the average PAN concentration for August in each year increased from 3（2005） to 11.7 μg/m3（2007）; however, it decreased rapidly in 2008（4.1 μg/m3）.Generally, the variation over the 5 years showed a rise in the first part of the study period,followed by a decline. We considered two categories of local and regional air masses in this study, which revealed that the PAN concentration in Beijing was affected mainly by southeastern air masses. The August PAN variation was influenced predominantly by local air masses in 2005,but by 2009 regional air masses had become more important. This study showed the level and variation of PAN in the month of August in 5 consecutive years for the first time, and proved that control measures are useful in decreasing photochemical pollution; hence, these measures are probably feasible for other megacities too. Furthermore, this method of analyzing regional and local impacts might be useful for other studies as well.     

改性粘土矿物的制备及其对水体中二氯喹啉酸的吸附研究

采用固-液吸附法,以天然钙基蒙脱石为原料,硫酸和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)为改性剂,制备了3种改性蒙脱石,并借助X-射线衍射、比表面积全分析及有机碳含量测定对所得的改性蒙脱石进行表征.结果表明,先酸化后再进行有机改性所得的改性蒙脱石(AHM)不仅具有较大的比表面积、层间距,而且有机碳含量是最高的.同时,采用批量平衡实验比较了这3种改性蒙脱石和天然蒙脱石对二氯喹啉酸的吸附能力.结果表明,天然蒙脱石对二氯喹啉酸的吸附率最小,不足5%,而先酸化再进行HDTMAB改性所得的改性蒙脱石对二氯喹啉酸的吸附率最高,其对二氯喹啉酸的吸附容量约为天然蒙脱石的20倍.二氯喹啉酸在这种改性蒙脱石上吸附速率很快,吸附平衡时间为2 h,吸附动力学满足准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线可用Linear和Freundlich模型较好地拟合.     

A2/O-MBR工艺处理印染废水中试研究

将平板微滤膜与A2/O工艺结合构建了A2/O-MBR中试系统,探讨了中试系统处理印染废水的效果及稳定性.结果表明,水解酸化可提高印染废水的可生化性,对COD平均去除率达到了43%.系统处理效果稳定,在最佳工况下COD、NH3-H和TN的去除率分别为88%、98%和80%.     

浸没式膜-生物反应器膜面污染物性质研究

研究了浸没式平板膜-生物反应器冬季运行时的膜污染状况.结果表明,出水COD稳定,但出现了亚硝酸盐积累,总氮的去除不是很理想.凝胶过滤色谱测定结果发现,O段混合液经0.45 靘滤膜过滤的滤液和膜面污染物含有重均分子量千万级以上的大分子物质,而进水中并无此类物质.环境扫描电镜和能谱分析表明,膜面无机污染物的阳离子主要包括Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca和Fe.傅立叶红外光谱分析证明,膜面有机污染物主要是多糖和蛋白质等物质,而且胞外聚合物可能是造成膜面污染的主要物质之一.     

煤矿灾害及防御对策

本文根据调查统计及遥感资料，对我国近４０年以来煤矿主要灾害类型、特征、灾情等进行了系统分析研究，并针对煤矿生产现状与环境问题提出了相应减灾防御对策。     

用活性炭纤维吸附回收废气中的苯

采用活性炭纤维吸附回收装置处理含苯废气。对处理系统、工艺流程、系统运行参数以及运行安全保障作了具体的叙述。运行实践表明，采用该装置处理含苯废气，苯的吸附效率大于97％，每年可回收苯270t，企业可得净收益58．4万元。     

脂肪磺酸基阳离子交换树脂对Cr3+的吸附和解吸性能

研究了脂肪磺酸基阳离子交换树脂（简称树脂）对Cr3＋的吸附和解吸性能。在溶液初始Cr3＋质量浓度为250m∥L、吸附温度为25℃、溶液pH为5的条件下，树脂对Cr3＋的吸附量最大。Cr3＋质量浓度在实验范围内，等温吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程，最大吸附量为18．6208mg／g。树脂对Cr3＋的吸附在吸附时间为180min时趋于平衡，且吸附为液膜扩散控制。随吸附温度的升高（10～55℃），树脂对Cr3＋的吸附量略有增加。用质量分数为5％的HCl溶液可将吸附在树脂上的Cr3＋解吸，解吸率近100％，且重复5次吸附和解吸过程，树脂对Cr3＋的吸附量基本保持不变。