广西涠洲岛沉凝灰岩土壤粘粒矿物的研究

用X射线衍射分析和电子显微镜分析,对涠洲岛沉凝灰岩母质发育土壤的两个典型剖面八个土样的粘粒矿物进行分析研究。结果表明,离火山口距离不同的两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同,1号剖面以2:1型粘粒矿物为主,2号剖面则以1:1型粘粒矿物为主;结合其它分析结果,讨论了两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同的原因、对土壤有关特性的影响及其与土壤形成和分类的关系。     

Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an SBBR treating domestic wastewater

An aerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) packed with Bauer rings was used to treat real domestic wastewater for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The SBBR is advantageous for creating an anoxic condition, and the biofilm can absorb and store carbon for good nitrification and denitrification. An average concentration of oxygen ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/L was proved very efficient for nitrification and denitrification. Volumetric loads of TN dropped dramatically and effluent TN concentration increased quickly when the concentration of average dissolved oxygen was more than 4.0 mg/L. The efficiency of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) increased with increasing thickness of the biofilm. The influent concentration hardly affected the TN removal efficiency, but the effluent TN increased with increasing influent concentration. It is suggested that a subsequence for denitrification be added or influent amount be decreased to meet effluent quality requirements. At optimum operating parameters, the TN removal efficiency of 74%–82% could be achieved.     

Bioleaching of spent Ni-Cd batteries and phylogenetic analysis of an acidophilic strain in acidified sludge

Biohydrometallurgy is a novel method to recycle discarded batteries, in which sewage sludge is used as microorganisms and culture due to the presence of indigenous Thiobacilli. A two-step continuous flow leaching system consisting of an acidifying reactor and a leaching reactor was introduced to achieve the bioleaching of spent nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries. The acid supernatant produced in the acidifying reactor by the microorganisms with ferrous ions as the substrate was conducted into the leaching reactor to dissolve electrode materials. The efficiency of a batch treatment of batteries was examined. The results showed that the complete dissolution of two AA-sized Ni-Cd batteries with 0.6 L/d acid supernatant took about 30, 20, and 35 days for Ni, Cd, and Co, respectively. But the dissolution ability of the three metals was different. Cd and Co can be leached mostly for pH below 4.0 while the complete dissolution of Ni can be achieved for pH below 2.5. Meanwhile, a strain (named Thiooxidans. WL) accounting for the reduction of pH in the acidified sludge was isolated and sequenced. It was identified to be 100% similar to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain Tf-49 based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The relevant phylogenetic tree constructed indicates that the strain should be classified into genus Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.     

湖南木兰科植物资源的调查研究

本文分析了湖南木兰科分布的自然条件,结合其形态性状讨论了它们的分类学问题、地理分布特点、资源状况以及自然生长状况。文末提出了湖南省木兰科的保护植物名单。     

信宜县田七场的土壤环境

本文在野外调查的基础上，论述了广东省主要田七产区信宜县田七场的生物气候条件、地理位置、土壤肥力以及田七对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收状况．改善田七场的环境条件，合理施肥，培育健壮的植株以及减少农药使用量等，是提高田七产量的有效措施．     

Distribution and sources of phthalate esters in the topsoils of Beijing,China

Phthalate esters in the topsoil samples collected from Beijing were determined by derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. The results showed that diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate ester (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP), dibutyl (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were found in the topsoils. The total concentrations of the five phthalate esters varied from 2.30 to 24.71 μg g^?1. According to phthalate esters (PAEs) control standards in soil of the USA, the standard exceeding rates of DMP, DBP, and DEHP were 100 %, 100 %, and 4.84 % in soils of Beijing, respectively. The rate of DBP exceeding soil remediation standard was 12.9 %. Overall, concentrations of PAEs in Beijing were at a high level in China. The concentrations of DBP, DEHP, and DIBP were high, and the total concentrations of all the phthalate esters were higher in the areas with intensive human activities than in the other areas, which may be related to the use of phthalate compounds (such as the use of plastic products). The total and individual concentrations of phthalate compounds were relatively low in the areas that used plastic films compared with other samples due to the diffusion of atmospheric motion, categories, and amounts of plastic products and other factors. The greatest contributor may be the usage amount of plastic products in people’s daily lives.     

河流营养物参照状态的建立方法研究进展

建立营养物参照状态是河流水污染控制的关键问题之一。系统论述了参照状态的各种内涵,重点分析了国外建立河流营养物参照状态的各种方法及优缺点,并分析了其在中国的适用性。最后,提出了河流营养物参照状态的进一步研究的重点。参照状态根据允许人类活动影响的程度可有多种含义:最小干扰状态、历史状态、最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态。其中,最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态在现实管理中具有一定程度的可操作性。参照河流百分比法是建立营养物参照状态的首选方法,但中国水环境污染形势严峻,参照点变得越来越少。当参照点不存在时,一般河流百分比法是参照河流百分比法的替代方法,然而一般河流百分比法和参照河流百分比法的匹配性关系并不完全保持一致。由于栖息地退化等因素对生物完整性的影响程度可能比营养物浓度更大,生物响应法在实际应用中是非常困难的。流域模型法虽然有众多优点,但是数据要求较高,并且常用流域模型的机理与中国有较大差距,在中国应用的结果具有较大的不确定性。综合考虑中国水环境污染现状和数据要求,以多元线性回归模型为代表的简易模型方法在中国应有最大的适用性。然而,环境因素与营养物质间的关系往往都是非线性的,今后应着重研究建立河流营养物参照状态的多元非线性回归模型方法。此外,还应加强季风河流营养物参照状态的季节性差异与年际差异研究,并在全国层面上根据自然因素划分适当规模的生态区,分区确定各生态区的河流营养物参照状态。     

Using regression models to evaluate the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles via chlorination of source water with low SUVA values in the Yangtze River Delta region,China

The purpose of this study was to develop the multiple regression models to evaluate the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) during chlorination of source water with low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) in Yangtze River Delta, China. The results showed that the regression models of THMs exhibited good accuracy and precision, and 86–97 % of the calculated values fell within ±25 % of the measured values. While the HANs models showed relatively weak evaluation ability, as only 75–83 % of the calculated values were within ±25 % of the measured values. The organic matter [dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or UV absorbance at 254 nm] and bromide exerted the most important influence on the formation of HANs. While for THMs, besides the organic matter and bromide, reaction time was also a key factor. Comparing the models for total THMs (T-THMs) in this study with others revealed that the regression models from the low SUVA waters may have low DOC coefficients, but high bromide coefficients as compared with those from the high SUVA waters.     

一株野生桑黄的分离鉴定与生物学特性

桑黄是我国传统名贵的药用真菌,在分类学上是锈革孔菌科(Hymenochaetaceae)几种药用真菌的总称.从北京延庆区四海镇黑汉岭采集到一株桑黄子实体,经分离纯化获得纯培养(编号SS).进一步开展其分类鉴定、最适培养条件和液体发酵产物活性研究.根据ITS鉴定,确定SS菌株属于锈革孔菌科针层孔菌属(Phellinus),与苹果木层孔菌(Phellinus tuberculosus)的相似性为95%;结合子实体、菌丝特征和寄主植物类型,确定SS菌株为苹果木层孔菌.SS菌株菌丝体最适培养条件研究表明,其最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为黄豆粉,最适C/N比为20/1,最适生长因子为维生素C,最适温度为28℃,最适pH为7.0.以马铃薯葡萄糖液体(PD)培养基、10%接种量、28℃、150 r/min培养7 d,发酵液中多糖含量为176.71 mg/L,黄酮含量为0.11 mg/L,抗氧化活性为7.82 mol/L(FeSO_4),未检测到多酚的存在.本研究从野外获取新的桑黄药用资源,其生物学特性结果可为野生药用真菌的人工驯化和开发利用提供理论依据.