钼矿区周边农田土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价

对钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染情况进行了详细研究.选择该矿区受污染农田土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用欧共体参比司推荐的BCR三步连续提取法进行化学形态分析;使用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量及各种化学形态的含量并进行评价,同时对矿区地下水进行分析;采用spas软件进行数据分析.结果表明,矿山周边农田土壤重金属主要污染物为Cd、Hg并伴有Cr污染;Nemerow综合指数6.81,综合评价结果为该区土壤已受严重污染;Cd与As污染来源基本相同,Cu、Ni、Zn污染来源基本相同,Hg有独立的污染来源;重金属中化学形态分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态;重金属Cr及Hg的有效态比例较大,可能会影响农作物的正常生长;矿山周边农田土壤重金属污染的原因可能是污染地下水的浇灌,矿石的开采、运输和大气降尘等过程;有机农药及塑料农用制品的施用过程,自然成土、矿物的伴生及其转化等过程.     

施用污泥堆肥对作物和土壤的影响

污泥中的有机质、营养成分可为农业生产提供重要的有机肥源,但污泥中的重金属是制约污泥农用的重要因素,为检验污泥堆肥施用后对作物及土壤的影响,文章对污泥与稻草或木屑堆肥的产品进行了盆栽试验研究。结果表明,污泥与稻草或木屑的堆肥作为肥料施用于萝卜(Brassicacampestris)和菜心(Brassicaparachinensis),产量明显提高,部分堆肥产品增产效果优于化肥,且后效明显。堆肥施用使土壤中有机质、各养分含量增加,微生物活动增强、数量增加,然而作物和土壤中的重金属含量也有不同程度的提高。     

碱式硫酸铝溶液中SO42-的测定

建立了以铬黑T为指示剂,乙二胺四乙酸二钠反滴定过量BaCl₂的碱式硫酸铝溶液中SO₄^2-的测定方法。实验确定的操作条件为：待测试样稀释后ρ（SO_4^2-）为0.025 ~0.100 g/L,BaCl₂过量率为25%~100%,并且在加入BaCl₂前将试样煮沸,三乙醇胺加入量为0.10 L/L。该法回收率在98.90%~100.72%,相对标准偏差小于1%。测定方法准确,可靠,且操作简便、快速。     

p,p'-DDE与雄激素受体突变体H874Y及T877A激动性作用机制的理论研究

1,1-二氯-2,2-双(对氯苯基)乙烯(p,p'-DDE)是一种已知的雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)拮抗剂。有趣的是,已有研究证实p,p'-DDE同时可经由作用于AR的2种天然突变体H874Y和T877A产生拟雄激素效应,但其相互作用的分子机制尚不清晰。本研究联用分子动力学模拟与MM-GBSA方法,以内源性激素二氢睾酮(DHT)作为对照,对p,p'-DDE与2种突变体的相互作用分子机制进行了研究。模拟结果指出范德华相互作用是维持p,p'-DDE与AR突变体结合的主要驱动力,而溶剂化作用的差异是导致p,p'-DDE与H874Y具有较高结合活性的主要原因,H874Y结合口袋与p,p'-DDE的结构匹配度优于与T877A。与内源性配体二氢睾酮相比较,范德华作用与静电相互作用的差异是造成p,p'-DDE比DHT结合活性低的主要原因,p,p'-DDE与AR突变体之间缺乏氢键的稳定。MM-GBSA的结果确定p,p'-DDE与突变体结合过程的关键氨基酸以疏水性残基为主,其中L704、M745、L873尤为重要。计算获得的p,p'-DDE对H874Y及T877A相互作用分子机制有助于理解该污染物在不同人群中内分泌干扰效应的差异。     

几类有机污染物的微塑料/水分配系数的线性溶解能关系模型

水体中的微塑料会吸附其中的有机污染物,影响有机污染物和微塑料的环境归趋和生态毒性。研究微塑料对有机污染物的吸附行为,对于评价有机污染物和微塑料的环境赋存、迁移及生物有效性有重要意义。污染物在微塑料与水之间的平衡分配系数(Kd),是表征微塑料对有机污染物吸附能力的重要参数。实验方法难以逐个测定众多有机污染物的Kd值,有必要发展其预测模型。本研究搜集了有机污染物的线性溶解能关系(LSER)参数及Kd值,构建了可预测有机污染物在聚丙烯微塑料与海水、聚乙烯微塑料与海水、聚乙烯微塑料与淡水之间Kd值的LSER模型。模型具有良好的拟合优度(R2adj介于0.794~0.903)、稳健性(Q2LOO和Q2BOOT分别介于0.763~0.863和0.720~0.804)和预测能力(R2ext和Q2ext分别介于0.886~0.971和0.825~0.954),能够用于预测多氯联苯、多环芳烃、六氯环已烷和氯苯类有机污染物的Kd值。     

Formation of disinfection byproducts from accumulated soluble products of oleaginous microalga after chlorination

When microalgae are simultaneously applied for wastewater treatment and lipid production, soluble algal products (SAP) should be paid much attention, as they are important precursors for formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have potential risks for human health. Chlorella sp. HQ is an oleaginous microalga that can generate SAP during growth, especially in the exponential phase. This study investigated the contribution of SAP from Chlorella sp. HQ to DBP formation after chlorination. The predominant DBP precursors from SAP were identified with the 3D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence. After chlorination, a significant reduction was observed in the fluorescence intensity of five specific fluorescence regions, particularly aromatic proteins and soluble microbial by-product-like regions, accompanied with slight shifting of the peak. The produced DBPs were demonstrated to include trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. As the algal cultivation time was extended in wastewater, the accumulated SAP strengthened the formation of DBPs. The trend for DBP formation was as follows: chloroform>dichloroacetic acid>trichloroacetic acid.

Open image in new window

     

A novel sequence batch membrane carbonation photobioreactor developed for microalgae cultivation

A novel SBM-C-PBR was constructed for microalgae cultivation. Membrane fouling was greatly mitigated by membrane carbonation. NH₄⁺ and P removal rates were around 80% in SBM-C-PBR. Biomass was completely retained by membrane. In this study, a novel sequence batch membrane carbonation photobioreactor was developed for microalgae cultivation. Herein, membrane module was endowed functions as microalgae retention and CO₂ carbonation. The results in the batch experiments expressed that the relatively optimal pore size of membranes was 30 nm, photosynthetically active radiation was 36 W/m² and the CO₂ concentration was 10% (v/v). In long-term cultivation, the microalgal concentration separately accumulated up to 1179.0 mg/L and 1296.4 mg/L in two periods. The concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were increased about 23.2, 14.9 and 6.3 mg/L respectively in period I; meanwhile, the accumulation was about 25.0, 14.5, 6.6 mg/L respectively in the period II. Furthermore, the pH was kept about 5.5–7.5 due to intermittent carbonation mode, which was suitable for the growth of microalgae. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) was only increased by 0.19 and 0.16 bar in the end of periods I and II, respectively. The pure flux recovered to 75%–80% of the original value by only hydraulic cleaning. Scanning electron microscope images also illustrated that carbonation through membrane module could mitigate fouling levels greatly.     

基于磷脂脂肪酸法分析A+OSA污泥减量工艺微生物群落结构

以传统缺氧-好氧(AO) 工艺为参照,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析技术研究了缺氧-好氧-沉淀-厌氧(A+OSA)污泥减量工艺微生物生物量变化及群落结构分布特征。结果表明,参照工艺及减量工艺PLFAs组成以饱和脂肪酸、支链脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸为主,并含有少量环丙烷脂肪酸和羟基脂肪酸。减量工艺污泥减量主要是源于贮泥池中污泥衰减,好氧菌和革兰氏阴性菌(G-菌)为与污泥衰减相关的微生物类群。真菌含量变化表明,减量工艺有抑制真菌生长的作用。减量工艺由于贮泥池的插入造成其微生物群落结构与参照工艺有显著不同,减量工艺缺氧池与好氧池微生物群落结构相似度提高。     

国内外城市绿脉规划实践初探

在城市化的进程中,城市发展与生态环境建设之间的矛盾日益突出。绿脉规划作为保证城市可持续发展的一种有效手段正逐步融入到城市规划中。城市绿脉规划不但对自然资源起到保护作用,满足人们的休闲娱乐的需要,恢复并保存了有价值的文化资源,还对城市空间布局和城市生态环境建设具有引导作用。文章列举了美国、欧洲和亚洲的部分特大型城市绿脉规划的实践经验,以及我国城市在绿脉规划方面的尝试。最后,对绿脉规划过程中需要注意的问题进行了讨论并提出建议。     

上海滨岸潮滩不同粒径沉积物中无机形态磷的分布特征

以地理环境独特的上海滨岸带为研究对象，根据对冬季潮滩悬浮层、表层沉积物的研究，初步探讨了潮滩不同粒径沉积物中各无机形态磷的地球化学特征：DP、(Fe Al)-P在靠近排污口的采样点含量高，同时随粒径变化复杂；沉积物中（Fe Al)-P含量随粒径变大而升高，悬浮层沉积物中（Fe Al)-P更能指示环境的污染状况；一般细粉砂质沉积物中Ca-P含量高。