(Super)paramagnetic nanoparticles as platform materials for environmental applications: From synthesis to demonstration

• The fabrication of monodisperse, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles is summarized. • Monolayer and bilayer surface coating structures are described. • Mono/bilayer coated nanoparticles showed high sorption capacities for U, As, and Cr. Over the past few decades, engineered, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles have drawn extensive research attention for a broad range of applications based on their tunable size and shape, surface chemistries, and magnetic properties. This review summaries our recent work on the synthesis, surface modification, and environmental application of (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles. By utilizing high-temperature thermo-decomposition methods, first, we have broadly demonstrated the synthesis of highly monodispersed, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles, via the pyrolysis of metal carboxylate salts in an organic phase. Highly uniform magnetic nanoparticles with various size, composition, and shape can be precisely tuned by controlled reaction parameters, such as the initial precursors, heating rate, final reaction temperature, reaction time, and the additives. These materials can be further rendered water stable via functionalization with surface mono/bi-layer coating structure using a series of tunable ionic/non-ionic surfactants. Finally, we have demonstrated platform potential of these materials for heavy metal ions sensing, sorption, and separation from the aqueous phase.     

Persistent free radicals in humin under redox conditions and their impact in transforming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

• Regulation of redox conditions promotes the generation of free radicals on HM. • HM-PFRs can be fractionated into active and inactive types depending on stability. • The newly produced PFRs readily release electrons to oxygen and generate ROS. • PFR-induced ROS mediate the transformation of organic contaminants adsorbed on HM. The role of humic substance-associated persistent free radicals (PFRs) in the fate of organic contaminants under various redox conditions remains unknown. This study examined the characterization of original metal-free peat humin (HM), and HM treated with varying concentrations of H₂O₂ and L-ascorbic acid (VC) (assigned as H₂O₂-HM and VC-HM). The concentration of PFRs in HM increased with the addition of VC/H₂O₂ at concentrations less than 0.08 M. The evolution of PFRs in HM under different environmental conditions (e.g., oxic/anoxic and humidity) was investigated. Two types of PFRs were detected in HM: a relatively stable radical existed in the original sample, and the other type, which was generated by redox treatments, was relatively unstable. The spin densities of VC/H₂O₂-HM readily returned to the original value under relatively high humidity and oxic conditions. During this process, the HM-associated “unstable” free radicals released an electron to O₂, inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, i.e., ^•OH and ^•O₂⁻). The generated ROS promoted the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on the radical quenching measurements. The transformation rates followed the order naphthalene>phenanthrene>anthracene>benzo[a]pyrene. Our results provide valuable insight into the HM-induced transformation of organic contaminants under natural conditions.     

地中海钕的质量平衡

通过测量流入地中海诸河流的微粒、洋底粘土和铁锰皮壳以及大气圈尘埃样品中Nd同位素比值,估价了地中海Nd的质量平衡。波河和罗讷河的∈_(Nd)值分别为-10.8和-9.7,尼罗河、塞伊汉河和塔尔苏斯河则分别为-3.3、-6.2和-6.3。海底粘土和铁锰皮壳的∈_(Nd)值从-2.0变化到-10.1,而尘埃样品为-8.2到-11.0。与大西洋相比(∈_(Nd)=-12),注入地中海海水中相对富放射成因的Nd同位素组成反映了注入海盆的是微粒钕的局部平衡,而不是溶解钕部分。     

哥斯达黎加的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史在哥斯达黎加,最先进行地震危险性评定工作的是Mortgat等。自本世纪下半叶以来,对重要结构、生命线工程如水电与地热计划、水厂和重要桥梁等都有必要进行专门的地震危险性分析.目前,对任何重要工程结构进行这样的研究已很普遍。2 基本资料Gonzalez和Montero编制了包括1910年前地震事件的历史地震目录。仪器记录的地震目录散见于各种参考文献(例如Miyarmura,1980;Morales,1985)。哥斯达黎加的震源集中在     

美国的酸雨研究进展和对策

引言解决酸雨问题是一项涉及科学、政策及人民利益的复杂问题。在进行公众利益决策中,需仔细拣别上述因素。美国面临的基本问题是根据现有的酸雨科学知识和环境损失估算是否需提高美国现行清洁空气法的控制目标。本文的目的是阐明与酸雨有关的科学和政策问题。 1983年6月,美国发表了三篇重要的酸雨报告。国家酸雨工作组的报告认为美国东北部和加拿大的90％以上的酸雨来自人为源。科学院的国家科学研究委员会认为广大     

爱尔兰的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史关于不列颠与爱尔兰,Salibury勋爵在1883年写道:“三个王国中最不可能一致的部分是爱尔兰,因此,爱尔兰有一幅醒目的地图”(Andrews,1975)。就地震活动来说,爱尔兰是个极不一致的地方——没有地震危险性图。的确,在爱尔兰还没有出版过仪器定位的地震分布图。     

含矿溶液在稀土元素方面的地球化学专属性

<正> 关于含矿溶液的地球化学专属性,通常是根据矿石和近矿交代岩石的地球化学谱来判定的。目前已经积累了有关成矿过程中造岩、成矿元素行为的大量实际资料,但是,对普通金属矿石中的稀有亲石元素的分布却研究得很少,稀有碱金属可能除外。众所周知,稀土元素行为的分析对岩浆体系的起源和演化判断可以提供很重要的信息。本文的目的,是以某些金属矿床为例,阐明含矿溶液在稀土元素方面     

CaCl_2-NaCl-H_2O体系中缺液相的含水流体包裹体和相平衡(摘要)

<正> 本文报道了布什维尔德杂岩石英中的一种新的含水流体包裹体类型的喇曼光谱和显微测温数据。这些与CaCl_2-NaCl-H_2O体系近似的包裹体具有特殊的意义,因为它们具有以下的特性:(1)这些包裹体在室温条件下不含有液相,但在高温下均一成含水液体;(2)在反应点温度+29℃发生初熔,而不是象与这个体系     

美国科罗拉多州的霍姆斯威特霍姆矿山

<正> 霍姆斯威特霍姆矿山曾生产出非常美丽的菱锰矿和钨锰矿标本,以及世界上最精美的萤石、磷铝锶石和硫铜银矿晶体。 该矿山位于帕克县布罗斯山南坡,东南距阿尔马镇约5.6千米。主要开发工程是长约3.2千米的地下巷道,大部分是在二十世纪三十年代完成的。矿化受北东走向的小断层控制,