《中国世界遗产地图集》的设计与编制

针对以往出版的世界遗产相关地图集在内容体系完整性和时效性等方面的不足,《中国世界遗产地图集》聚焦当今我国世界遗产的内容体系、知识体系和价值体系,全面反映我国世界遗产的价值和内涵以及我国世界遗产和其他国家遗产的差异和关联,体现中国世界遗产的辉煌成就和时代价值。重点从图集设计理念、内容结构、资料收集与处理、表达形式等方面详细介绍了该地图集设计与编研方法,为今后类似地图集在理论、方法和技术上提供参考。     

The concept of reference curves for constitutive modelling in soil mechanics

This paper presents a simple concept which can be used for simulating a range of soil mechanics problems. The study is motivated by the observation that many experimental results are commonly described in terms of lines or curves according to a phenomenological approach. Frequently, these relations are based on rather different formulations from one application to another, and in complex forms for some cases. This leads to complications for the calibration of parameters as well as constitutive modelling. Thus, a general framework referred to as “reference curves” has been developed. This framework provides a unique treatment of the macroscopically observed behaviour of clays, sands, and structured materials under isotropic compression, as well as the water retention characteristics of granular materials and geotextiles. Several examples are provided illustrating the good accuracy of models developed with this concept. The proposed framework may be equally applied to any other behaviour where reference lines are easily identifiable from a macroscopic scope, such as some non-linear failure envelopes for granular materials. In addition, we show that the incorporation of the proposed equations into constitutive models is quite straightforward.     

基于移动监测数据的不同城市场景下PM2.5浓度精细模拟与时空特征解析

城市内部PM_2.5浓度分布具有明显的空间异质性,而传统方法基于遥感数据或监测站点数据进行分析,难以揭示高时空分辨率下城市内部的PM_2.5浓度分布特征,缺少不同时刻城市场景（如：道路、工业区、住宅区等）对PM_2.5浓度复杂非线性影响的解析。本研究将移动监测传感器安装于快递车上,采集福州市主城区南部不同类型场景的PM_2.5浓度,然后融合地理加权回归（Geographical Weighted Regression, GWR）和梯度提升决策树（Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, GBDT）方法,提出一种基于GWR-GBDT的PM_2.5模拟与场景解析模型,能够较好地拟合气象、场景因素与PM_2.5浓度的非线性关系,提升了城市PM_2.5污染精细监测能力;并结合部分依赖图解析不同时段不同场景因素对PM_2.5浓度的非线性作用影响。结果表明：① 基于移动PM_2.5浓度监测数据,利用GWR-GBDT模型能够较好地模拟城市场景、气象和PM_2.5浓度之间的非线性关系,能够有效精细模拟PM_2.5浓度的空间分布,十折验证R²结果为0.52~0.94;② 通过部分依赖图分析同一场景在不同时段对PM_2.5浓度响应的异质性,发现各类场景对PM_2.5浓度提升或抑制作用并不稳定;③ 解析不同时段人类活动与城市场景对PM_2.5浓度的交互作用发现,教育医疗单位和住宅区两类场景对PM_2.5浓度的提升作用都与人类通勤有密切关系,高污染场景中的建筑工地在采取的洒水降尘措施后能在数小时内有效缓解PM_2.5污染,公园文体服务区在多数时段对PM_2.5浓度具有抑制作用,工业区和道路多数时段会致使对PM_2.5浓度提升;④ 从PM_2.5浓度的空间分布来看,福州市主城区南部PM_2.5浓度总体呈现东南高-西北低的分布趋势,建筑工地、道路和工业区场景轻度以上污染面积占比明显高于其他场景,公园场景总体PM_2.5浓度较低,山体公园傍晚会受到周边工业区的影响而导致PM_2.5浓度升高,而城市陆地外围水域对沿岸PM_2.5浓度具有抑制作用;⑤ 研究结果可为不同场景下PM_2.5污染精细化治理、城市规划以及老人、儿童等高危人群的PM_2.5污染暴露风险防范提供支持。     

Experimental study of particle migration under cyclic loading: effects of load frequency and load magnitude

The study of particle migration in porous media under cyclic loading is the key to understand the mechanism of mud pumping hazard in railway embankments. This paper presents a series of particle migration tests, in which soil particles migrate into an overlying gravel layer under cyclic loading. The results show that the increase in loading frequency and load magnitude leads to more particle migration upwards at a greater rate, implying that the train speed and axle loads affect the extent of mud pumping. The slurry turbidity in the gravel layer increases to a steady state value with time. Soil particles smaller than 5 μm have the potential to diffuse into the entire gravel layer, and larger particles tend to aggregate in the bottom layer of the gravel. The backward erosion gradually develops deeper into the soil layer, and there is a maximum erosion depth associated with each load frequency and load magnitude. As for the mechanism, the pore water pressure oscillates because of liquid sloshing. Its amplitude is much larger in the gravel layer than that in the soil layer due to their difference in permeability. The axial hydraulic gradient acts as a pumping effect to stimulate the migration of soil particles. Increasing load frequency is conducive to the generation of a stronger pumping effect at the gravel–soil interface. Increasing load magnitude does impact not only the extent of pumping effect, but also the development of an interlayer which plays an important role in promoting particle migration.

     

Analytic solutions to the advective contaminant transport equation with non-linear sorption

This paper considers advective transport of a soluble contaminant through saturated soil with non-linear sorption of the contaminant onto a stationary porous media. The non-linear sorption isotherms considered in the transport analysis are the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms. A special case of the Freundlich sorption isotherm is the linear sorption isotherm, and it is shown that in this case transport through a homogeneous soil results in the initial concentration profile simply being translated in the direction of the groundwater flow. However, when the sorption isotherm is non-linear the initial concentration profile distorts as it is translated with the groundwater flow, leading to the development of concentration shock fronts and rarefactions. Analytic solutions to the non-linear first-order hyperbolic equations are developed for a number of contaminant transport problems of practical significance. It is shown that in the case of the Langmuir sorption isotherms, shock fronts develop at the leading edge of the concentration profile while for the Freundlich sorption isotherm shock fronts may develop at either the leading or trailing edge of the concentration profile. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

典型贫困山区旅游景点可达性评价方法研究

旅游景点的可达性水平不仅可以反映游客到达的方便程度,也用来衡量区域旅游业发展的潜力,而对于贫困山区旅游景点的可达性研究还可为旅游扶贫的开展工作提供理论参考。本文聚焦典型贫困山区,探究交通成本及复杂地形特征对旅游景点可达性的影响。首先,文章通过连接度指数和通达度指数的相关分析,了解研究区旅游网络的整体连通状况;然后,运用累积耗费距离法,分别基于不同等级交通因素和坡度、海拔等地形因素,对研究区旅游景点可达性和县级行政单元整体可达性进行对比分析,并提出了一种综合考虑交通因素和地形因素的可达性评价方法。研究表明：交通因素分析法弱化了水域对于可达性的阻隔作用;地形因素分析法忽视了交通条件对于可达性的影响;而综合考虑不同等级交通因素和复杂地形因素的可达性评价方法,既可有效识别水域对于贫困山区旅游景点可达性的阻隔作用,也体现了交通条件的改善对于自然环境下可达性水平的提升作用。     

Numerical analysis of soilbags under compression and cyclic shear

This paper presents a finite element model for analysing the behaviour of granular material wrapped with polyethylene bags under vertical compression and cyclic shearing. The simple Mohr–Coulomb model is used to represent the soil behaviour. The polyethylene bag is represented by a linear-elastic–perfect-plastic model. The soil-bag interface is modelled with contact constraints. The main purpose of the numerical analysis is to validate the anticipated performance of soilbags under various loading conditions and hence the effectiveness of soilbags as a method of ground improvement.     

Explicit stress integration of complex soil models

In this paper, two complex critical‐state models are implemented in a displacement finite element code. The two models are used for structured clays and sands, and are characterized by multiple yield surfaces, plastic yielding within the yield surface, and complex kinematic and isotropic hardening laws. The consistent tangent operators—which lead to a quadratic convergence when used in a fully implicit algorithm—are difficult to derive or may even not exist. The stress integration scheme used in this paper is based on the explicit Euler method with automatic substepping and error control. This scheme employs the classical elastoplastic stiffness matrix and requires only the first derivatives of the yield function and plastic potential. This explicit scheme is used to integrate the two complex critical‐state models—the sub/super‐loading surfaces model (SSLSM) and the kinematic hardening structure model (KHSM). Various boundary‐value problems are then analysed. The results for the two models are compared with each other, as well with those from standard Cam‐clay models. Accuracy and efficiency of the scheme used for the complex models are also investigated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.