滇西兰坪盆地五茂林剖面下白垩统景星组沉积相

实测了云南西部兰坪盆地东部下白垩统下部景星组的五茂林剖面,建立了曲流河、三角洲和湖泊3种沉积序列,其中三角洲序列在云南下白垩统中属首次建立。分析了粗碎屑岩的组成,将该剖面上出露的砾岩分成4类。早白垩世时兰坪盆地属丹那沙林-高黎贡弧的弧后盆地,景星组自下而上为曲流河沉积、三角洲沉积和湖泊沉积,且随湖侵发生,湖泊向西扩大。     

山东海阳所麻粒岩向过渡榴辉岩转化的变质动力学过程及其构造意义

在山东半岛东南端的乳山海阳所,角闪岩和长英质片麻岩呈互层产出.在某些角闪岩层的中心残留有弱变形的麻粒岩和强变形的过渡榴辉岩(斜长石榴辉岩)团块.在弱变形的麻粒岩团块中发育有窄的(<1cm)剪切条带.沿着这些剪切条带和在强变形过渡榴辉岩团块中,原麻粒岩被转化为含斜长石的过渡榴辉岩.变形和流体在这一转化过程中加速了元素扩散和迁移的速度,在变形强和有流体加入的部位麻粒岩向榴辉岩转化的程度明显增强.麻粒岩相矿物组合(Cpx-Ⅰ+Opx+Pl-Ⅰ+ Hbl-Ⅰ + Grt-Ⅰ+ Ilm)及其花岗变晶结构被完好地保存于弱变形的麻粒岩中,其矿物成分显示出0.8～0.9 GPa和780℃～830℃的麻粒岩相变质条件.榴辉岩相叠加在麻粒岩中形成了一系列的环边状矿物和结构:环边状石榴石(Grt-Ⅱ)形成于麻粒岩相斜长石(Pl-Ⅰ)和暗色矿物(如Cpx-Ⅰ、Opx和Hbl-Ⅰ)的交界处,细粒石榴石(Grt-Ⅱ)、富钠单斜辉石(Cpx-Ⅱ)和石英形成于麻粒岩相角闪石(Hbl-Ⅰ)的外缘.同时榴辉岩相叠加造成麻粒岩相单斜辉石边缘钙契尔马克组份的降低和硬玉组份的升高.但在弱变形的麻粒岩中,麻粒岩相单斜辉石(Cpx-Ⅰ)的外缘并无榴辉岩相单斜辉石形成.沿着弱变形麻粒岩中的剪切条带和在过渡榴辉岩中,榴辉岩相矿物[Grt-Ⅱ+ Omp/Di(Cpx-Ⅱ)+ Ab(Pl-Ⅱ)+ Qtz + Hbl-Ⅱ+ Ky + Zo + Rut]广泛发育,它们的定向排列形成了明显的面理.其形成的温压条件为1.0～1.4 GPa和560℃～680℃,为过渡榴辉岩相变质.虽然其中仍然残留有被拉长的麻粒岩相单斜辉石,但它们含有很高的硬玉组份,且其外缘环绕有细粒的钠质透辉石或绿辉石(Cpx-Ⅱ).海阳所榴辉岩相变质的温压条件远远低于位于海阳所东南和东北的苏鲁超高压变质带中柯石英榴辉岩变质的温压条件.因此海阳所地区代表一条不同于超高压变质带的冷榴辉岩带,它可能与大别山南部的冷榴辉岩带相当.苏鲁超高压变质带的南部边界位于海阳所以北.     

郯庐断裂中段的早白垩世拉分盆地(英文)

石场－中楼盆地位于郯庐断裂带中段的沂河－沭河地区。郯庐断裂左旋切割了秦岭－大别－胶南造山带及前中生代地层,研究区内沂河－沭河断裂切割了年龄为１３６．２Ｍａ（４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ法）的胶南造山带北缘剪切带,并被时代为１１９Ｍａ（Ｋ－Ａｒ法）的青山群地层不整合覆盖,显示郯庐断裂在早白垩世曾发生了明显的走滑运动。石场－中楼盆地受沂河－沭河断裂的控制,整体为长６０ｋｍ、宽３０ｋｍ,长宽比近于２∶１的“菱型”构造盆地。盆地内早白垩世莱阳群的沉积厚度大于６２６３．７１ｍ,沉积速率大于０．４ｍｍ／ａ;沉积相特征反映盆地具有深而窄,沉积速度快、沉积相变剧烈的特点。盆地沉积中心的迁移方向与边界断裂的左旋走滑效应一致,“边走滑边沉积”的特征明显。根据构造背景、构造格架及沉积特征,确定石场－中楼盆地为郯庐断裂早白垩世左旋走滑过程中形成的拉分盆地     

Spatial distribution of sister species of vesicomyid bivalves Calyptogena okutanii and Calyptogena soyoae along an environmental gradient in chemosynthetic biological communities in Japan

Vesicomyid bivalves have a substantial biomass in deep-sea chemosynthetic biological communities in the Pacific. Using a novel multiplex-PCR (mPCR) method to identify the co-occurring vesicomyids in Sagami Bay, we analyzed the distribution of Calyptogena okutanii and Calyptogena soyoae along environmental gradients. All the known distributions of C. okutanii indicated the different preferences in salinity and temperature to those of C. soyoae, and in Sagami Bay, depth seemed to be an important environmental factor, too. Although the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in sediment was not examined, our results showed that the distributions of these two Calyptogena clams were affected by salinity and temperature.     

3-D internal architecture of methane hydrate-bearing turbidite channels in the eastern Nankai Trough, Japan

The reservoir architecture of methane hydrate (MH) bearing turbidite channels in the eastern Nankai Trough, offshore Japan is evaluated using a combination of 3-D seismic and well data. On the 3-D seismic section, the MH-bearing turbidite channels correspond to complex patterns of strong seismic reflectors, which show the 3-D internal architecture of the channel complex. A seismic-sequence stratigraphic analysis reveals that the channel complex can be roughly classified into three different stages of depositional sequence (upper, middle, and lower). Each depositional sequence results in a different depositional system that primarily controls the reservoir architecture of the turbidite channels. To construct a 3-D facies model, the stacking patterns of the turbidite channels are interpreted, and the reservoir heterogeneities of MH-bearing sediments are discussed. The identified channels at the upper sequence around the β1 well exhibit low-sinuosity channels consisting of various channel widths that range from tens to several hundreds of meters. Paleo-current flow directions of the turbidite channels are typically oriented along the north-northeast-to-south-southwest direction. High-amplitude patterns were identified above the channels along the north-to-south and north-northeast-to-south-southeast directions. These roughly coincide with the paleo-current flow of the turbidite channels. An interval velocity using high-density velocity analysis shows that velocity anomalies (>2000 m/s) are found on the northeastern side of the turbidite channels. The depositional stage of the northeastern side of the turbidite channels exhibits slightly older sediment stages than the depositional stages of the remaining channels. Hence, the velocity anomalies of the northeastern side of the channels are related to the different stages of sediment supply, and this may lead to the different reservoir architectures of the turbidite channels.     

Basin and crustal velocity structure models for the simulation of strong ground motions in the Kinki area,Japan

We constructed a prototype of the basin and crustal structure model for the Kinki area, southwest of Japan, for the simulation of strong ground motions of hypothetical crustal and subduction earthquakes. We collected results of the deep seismic velocity profiles obtained by the reflection experiments and seismic imaging results, which were conducted in the Kinki area. The obtained profiles give underground velocity structures of the crust, from the surface to the subducting slab. We also gather the basin velocity structure information of the Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, and Ohmi basins. To examine the applicability of the constructed velocity structure model to the ground motion simulation, we simulated waveforms of an intermediate size event occurred near the source area of the hypothetical subduction earthquakes. Simulated ground motions using the basin and crustal velocity structure model are fairly well reproducing the observations at most of stations, and the constructed basin and crustal velocity structure model is applicable for the long-period ground motion simulations.     

Prediction of ground motion in the Osaka sedimentary basin associated with the hypothetical Nankai earthquake

We studied the long-period ground motions in the Osaka sedimentary basin, Japan, which contains a 1- to 3-km thickness of sediments and is the site of many buildings or construction structures with long-natural period. We simulated the broadband ground motions likely to be produced by the hypothetical Nankai earthquake: the earthquake expected to give rise to the most severe long-period ground motion within the basin. For the simulation, we constructed multiscale heterogeneous source models based on the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan (CDMC) source model and adopted a hybrid computation method in which long-period motion and short-period motion are computed using a 3-D finite difference method and the stochastic Green’s function method, respectively. In computing long-period motions, we used a 3-D structure model of the crust and the Osaka sedimentary basin. The ground motions are estimated to have peak velocities of 50–90 cm/s, prolonged durations exceeding 300 s, and long predominant periods of 5–10 s in the area with great thickness of sediments. The predominant periods are in agreement with an approximate evaluation by 4 H/V _s where H and V _s are the thickness of the sediment and the average S wave velocity, respectively.     

Molecular and isotopic characteristics of gas hydrate-bound hydrocarbons in southern and central Lake Baikal

We investigated the molecular composition (methane, ethane, and propane) and stable isotope composition (methane and ethane) of hydrate-bound gas in sediments of Lake Baikal. Hydrate-bearing sediment cores were retrieved from eight gas seep sites, located in the southern and central Baikal basins. Empirical classification of the methane stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δD) for all the seep sites indicated the dominant microbial origin of methane via methyl-type fermentation; however, a mixture of thermogenic and microbial gases resulted in relatively high methane δ¹³C signatures at two sites where ethane δ¹³C indicated a typical thermogenic origin. At one of the sites in the southern Baikal basin, we found gas hydrates of enclathrated microbial ethane in which ¹³C and deuterium were both highly depleted (mean δ¹³C and δD of –61.6‰ V-PDB and –285.4‰ V-SMOW, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C₂ δ¹³C–δD classification for hydrate-bound gas in either freshwater or marine environments.     

Seasonal Variation of Stratification in the Gulf of Thailand

Intensive hydrographic observations were carried out in the western part of the Gulf of Thailand and the east coastal sea of Peninsular Malaysia in September 1995 and April–May 1996. The characteristics of seasonal variation of oceanic condition in that area are discussed basis of an analysis of observed water temperature, salinity and density distributions in these cruises and NAGA cruises (Yanagi and Takao, 1998a). Stratification is most developed in March–May mainly due to large sea surface heating and weak sea surface wind, which weakened until September–October, vanishing in December–January. The horizontal distribution of bottom cold, saline and heavy water masses, which are found during the stratified season, is governed by the tidal mixing and the water depth. Water exchange between the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea becomes large in March–May due to a coupled effect of the intensified estuarine circulation and the Ekman transport by the southwest monsoon. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Early Summer Seasonal Change of Large－scale Circulation over East Asia and Its Relation to Change of The Frontal Features and Frontal Rainfall Environment During 1991 Summer

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