无机盐热力学平衡模式的简化及其应用

利用查表法简化无机盐热力学平衡模式ISORROPIA,对温度、相对湿度、总氨(NH3+NH4+)、总氮(HNO3+NO3-)和总硫(H2SO4+SO42-)等5个影响因子进行分档,建立不同组合情况下硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐等物种平衡浓度的查算表。在区域气候化学模式系统(RegCCMS)中,分别用查算表检索法和直接耦合热力学平衡模式的方法模拟我国2003年1月和7月硝酸盐气溶胶的浓度分布。结果表明:查表法既能显著提高计算效率,在无机盐模拟性能方面又与直接耦合法保持较好的一致性,在气溶胶气候效应研究方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM10 aerosols from Baoji, China: Implications for coal burning

Normal alkanes and PAHs in atmospheric PM₁₀ aerosols collected during 2008 winter and spring in Baoji, a mid-scale inland city of China, were determined on a molecular level. Concentrations of n-alkanes ranged from 232 to 3583 ng/m³ with an average of 1733 ng/m³ in winter and from 124 to 1160 ng/m³ with an average of 449 ng/m³ in spring, while PAHs in the PM₁₀ samples were 594 ± 405 and 128 ± 82 ng/m³ in the two seasons. Molecular compositions showed that CPI (odd/even) values of n-alkanes were close to unity for all the samples especially in winter, and diagnostic ratios of PAHs (e.g., Phe/(Phe + Ant), CPAH/ΣPAHs and IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP)) were found similar to those in coal burning smoke with a strong linear relationship (R² ≥ 0.85) between PAHs and fossil fuel derived n-alkanes, demonstrating that coal burning is the main source of n-alkanes and PAHs in the city, especially in winter due to house heating. Concentrations of the determined compounds in Baoji are much higher than those in Chinese mega-cities, suggesting that air pollution in small cities in the country is more serious and need more attention.     

西藏南部晚始新世打拉埃达克质花岗岩及其构造动力学意义

打拉二云母花岗岩岩体位于雅拉香波穹隆的东南,侵入到中生代以前的变质岩系(眼球状花岗质片麻岩和石榴黑云母片麻岩)和特提斯沉积岩(页岩和砂岩)中,主要由石英、斜长石、钾长石、黑云母和白云母组成,形成于～44.3Ma。打拉二云母花岗岩地球化学特征表明:打拉花岗岩具有高Al_2O_3(16.0%～17.0%)、Na_2O/K_2O(1.2)以及A/CNK比值(1.05),表明打拉花岗岩为富钠过铝质花岗岩;轻稀土(LREE)富集,重稀土(HREE)相对亏损,HREE中的Ho到Lu元素有变平的特征((Ho/Lu)_N=1.11～1.46);具有微弱或无Eu异常,Eu/Eu~*=0.87～0.95;较高的初始Sr同位素比值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i)=0.71754～0.71785)和较低的初始Nd比值(ε_(Nd)(i)=-9.15～-12.4)。打拉花岗岩具有高Sr含量(为355×10~(-6)～416×10~(-6))和Sr/Y的比值(59.1～71.5)、高La/Yb比值、低Y及HREE亏损的特征,与埃达克质花岗岩类似。上述特征表明打拉花岗岩是在较高压力条件下,以角闪岩为主的深部岩石部分熔融的结果。     

鲁西新太古代济宁群含铁岩系形成时代——SHRIMP U-Pb锆石定年

济宁群以隐伏的地质体分布于华北克拉通鲁西地区,以往被划归古元古代。近年来在济宁群的钻探和地球物理研究中,发现存在较大规模条带状硅铁建造,其形成时代引起地学界极大关注。本文对济宁群变质碎屑沉积岩和长英质火山岩进行了锆石SHRIMP年龄测定。含砾绿泥绢云千枚岩的碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在～2.7Ga,可靠的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为2.61±0.01Ga。变质长英质火山岩岩浆锆石年龄为2.56±0.02Ga。研究表明,济宁群形成于新太古代晚期,而不是以往认为的古元古代。华北克拉通条带状铁建造主要形成于新太古代晚期。济宁群在岩石组合、变质作用方面与鞍山、冀东以及五台地区同时代含硅铁建造的表壳岩系有差别,但是与本溪南芬铁矿的岩石组合有相似之处。这些可能为我国的隐伏太古宙BIF铁矿的研究与勘探提供了重要依据。     

Analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of clayey soils with a threshold gradient

General approximate analytical solutions are developed for one-dimensional consolidation with consideration of the threshold gradient under a time-dependent loading. A comparison is made between the present solution and some available numerical solutions for a particular case, and the results show that the approach employed in this article is reasonable. The influence of the threshold gradient and the loading period on consolidation behaviour is investigated, and the results show that the moving boundary of seepage moves downward gradually. The greater the threshold gradient is, the slower the boundary moves. The excess pore pressure will not be completely dissipated at the end of consolidation, and the larger the threshold gradient is, the greater the residual excess pore pressure is. The average degree of consolidation considering the threshold gradient defined by settlement is different from that defined by pore pressure. Moreover, the greater the threshold gradient is, the larger the average degree of consolidation in terms of strain, whereas the smaller the average degree of consolidation in terms of stress. It is also shown that the longer the loading period is, the longer the time moving boundary takes to reach the bottom of the layer, and the greater the average degree of consolidation is.     

A formation mechanism for hematite-rich spherules on Mars

Gray crystalline hematite on Mars has been detected in three regions, Sinus Meridiani, Aram Chaos, and Valles Marineris, first by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) orbiter, and then confirmed by other instruments. The hematite-rich spherules were also detected by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity at Meridiani Planum (Sinus Meridiani). Formation mechanisms of the hematite-rich spherules have been discussed widely since then. Here, we argue for an alternative formation mechanism, that is, the spherules originally formed at Valles Marineris due to the interaction of volcanic deposits and acidic hydrothermal fluids, and then were transported to and deposited at Meridiani Planum and Aram Chaos as alluvial/fluvial sedimentary deposits with other materials such as sulfates and rock fragments during the wash-out flows from Valles Marineris to Meridiani Planum and Aram Chaos. Diagenesis of the hematite-rich spherules may have also been a possible mechanism following sediment transport and emplacement. The hypothesis is consistent with available relevant information to date and provides an insight into the understanding of Martian surficial processes.     

Inverse problem of central configurations and singular curve in the collinear 4-body problem

In this paper, we consider the inverse problem of central configurations of n-body problem. For a given \({q=(q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_n)\in ({\bf R}^d)^n}\), let S(q) be the admissible set of masses denoted \({ S(q)=\{ m=(m_1,m_2, \ldots, m_n)| m_i \in {\bf R}^+, q}\) is a central configuration for m}. For a given \({m\in S(q)}\), let S _m (q) be the permutational admissible set about m = (m ₁, m ₂, . . . , m _n ) denoted

$S_m(q)=\{m^\prime | m^\prime\in S(q),m^\prime \not=m \, {\rm and} \, m^\prime\,{\rm is\, a\, permutation\, of }\, m \}.$

The main discovery in this paper is the existence of a singular curve \({\bar{\Gamma}_{31}}\) on which S _m (q) is a nonempty set for some m in the collinear four-body problem. \({\bar{\Gamma}_{31}}\) is explicitly constructed by a polynomial in two variables. We proved:

1. (1)
   If \({m\in S(q)}\), then either ^# S _m (q) = 0 or ^# S _m (q) = 1.
    
2. (2)
   ^#S _m (q) = 1 only in the following cases:

   1. (i)
      If s = t, then S _m (q) = {(m ₄, m ₃, m ₂, m ₁)}.
       
   2. (ii)
      If \({(s,t)\in \bar{\Gamma}_{31}\setminus \{(\bar{s},\bar{s})\}}\), then either S _m (q) = {(m ₂, m ₄, m ₁, m ₃)} or S _m (q) = {(m ₃, m ₁, m ₄, m ₂)}.
       
    

     

长江北支口门圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物粒度记录及其对环境变化的响应

江苏圆陀角位于长江口北支与江苏海岸交汇处,海岸沉积动力环境复杂,潮滩沉积物粒度变化记录了潮滩环境变化的信息.根据2007年4月采集的表层样和钻孔岩芯粒度分析,圆陀角附近Yyb断面表层沉积物粒度在互花米草滩前缘较粗,大堤前岸滩最粗,光滩和互花米草滩粒度较细.YY孔岩芯沉积物粒度组成以砂质粉砂为主,粒度变化自下向上呈先由粗变细再变粗的特点,表层样和钻孔岩芯粒度变化反映了潮滩沉积物对风暴潮、潮汐海洋动力、大米草和互花米草种植以及大规模围垦的综合响应.173Cs测年结果推算出YY孔岩芯1954年以来、1963年以来、1975年以来和1986年以来的平均沉积速率分别为2.38cm/a,2.23cm/a,2.44cm/a和1.24cm/a.岩芯沉积物的沉积速率总体随潮滩淤积增高而下降,1975～1986年间沉积速率的快速增加,主要与圆陀角附近互花米草的快速淤积有关.     

基于MORPAS空间分析分模块的铀矿找矿有利度分析——以百顺地区为例

以1∶5万地质矿产图、1∶5万土壤地球化图(230Th、U、Th、Cu、Zn、Ce,La平均值、Yb,Y平均值、Mo、Ga)、1∶5万航放U、U/K含量等值线图建立空间数据库,应用MORPAS空间分析模块作空间、统计分析,根据统计数据进行见矿面积比、矿床出现率、矿产当量、单位矿产当量等计算,依据计算出的参数值选定了找矿有利证据层。     

Geochemistry of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake, southwestern China

The spatio-temporal variations of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake were investigated based on the field measurements of soil gas concentrations after the main shock. Concentrations of He, H₂, CO₂, CH₄, O₂, N₂, Rn, and Hg in soil gas were measured in the field at eight short profiles across the seismic rupture zone in June and December 2008 and July 2009. Soil-gas concentrations of more than 800 sampling sites were obtained. The data showed that the magnitudes of the He and H₂ anomalies of three surveys declined significantly with decreasing strength of the aftershocks with time. The maximum concentrations of He and H₂ (40 and 279.4 ppm, respectively) were found in three replicates at the south part of the rupture zone close to the epicenter. The spatio-temporal variations of CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations differed obviously between the north and south parts of the fault zone. The maximum He and H₂ concentrations in Jun 2008 occurred near the parts of the rupture zone where vertical displacements were larger. The anomalies of He, H₂, CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations could be related to the variation in the regional stress field and the aftershock activity.