Land-use change and socio-economic driving forces of rural settlement in China from 1996 to 2005

While urbanization has accelerated, the rural population in China has started decreasing in recent years. However, the expan- sion of rural settlement has not been sufficiently curbed. The questions of why this has happened and who has driven the land-use change （LUC） of rural settlement in China have aroused great interests among researchers. In this paper, it is suggested that population is not always a positive driving force for the LUC of rural settlement in China. Furthermore, socio-economic driving forces other than urbanization, population and industrialization are analyzed. On a national scale, the major driving forces are the per-capita rural housing area and the cultivated land area. On a regional scale, the main driving forces in the eastern China are the house-building capacity of rural households and the per-capita rural housing area; while in the central China, the main driving forces are rural housing investment, the proportion of primary industry employees in the rural working population, and the cultivated land area. For the western China, the main driving forces are rural register population and cultivated land area.     

HUMAN DRIVING MECHANISM OF REGIONAL LAND USE CHANGE:A CASE STUDY OF KARST MOUNTAIN AREAS OF SOUTHWESTERN CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONAstheadvancingofthestudyonhumandimensionofglobalenvironmentalchange,thechangeoflanduseisbecomingoneoftheresearchfocuses(IGBP/HDP，1993；IGBP/HDP，1995).Landusechange,combiningwithlandcoverchange,reflectstheinterdependenceofhumanandnature.Whilethestudyonlanduse/coverchangetouchesuponalotofquestion,thedrivingforceanditsdrivingmechanismaretwoofthekeyissues(IGBP/HDP，1995).Inthemeantime,theyarethenecessarybasisofdiscussingandforecastingquantitativelylanduse/coverchangebym…     

近20年来福州市土地利用时空变化的遥感分析

以1986、1996和2006年三期Landsat TM影像为基本数据源,采用最大似然法分类,并以同期高分辨率的SPOT5影像进行分类后处理,最后分类后变化检测法监测了福州市1986~2006年的土地利用变化及其转移模式。结果表明,福州市近20年间土地利用发生了较大的变化,城乡建筑用地处于快速增长阶段,而耕地数量却在不断下降。经济发展、人口增长、政府决策等因素是福州市土地利用发生变化的主要驱动力。     

近40年来白洋淀湿地土地覆被变化分析

白洋淀是华北平原上现存最大的天然湖泊,是典型的内陆湿地。最近40年,白洋淀湿地出现了水面萎缩、生态功能急剧退化、生物多样性减小和水体污染严重等生态环境问题。本文利用1964年CORONA侦察卫星影像、1974年和1983年Landsat MSS影像和2002年ETM+影像,对白洋淀湿地的土地覆被变化及其驱动力做了详细分析。结果表明,湿地面积呈减少趋势:1964年为407.3km2,2002年缩减到274.63km²。湿地水面起伏变化大,1964年水面较宽,为346.75km²;到1974的10年间,减少到94.65km²,1983年和2002年水面继续变窄,水面面积分别为67.27km²和46.86km²。引起湿地土地覆被变化的原因包括降雨量的减少、蒸发量的增大、城市发展用水增大、不合理土地利用开发和上游水库、引水工程修筑等。     

新疆吐鲁番地区土遗址及其环境变化空间信息分析

新疆吐鲁番地区的土遗址数量较多,且具有重要历史文化价值,故对土遗址及其环境的时空变化研究具有重要意义。目前,对大型土遗址的发现保护多利用考古、实地调查和空间信息技术等方法。鉴此,本文分析了吐鲁番地区土遗址及其内外部环境的变化。研究结果表明,20世纪60年代至2010年间该区域土遗址本体及其内部环境发生了较大变化,其主要影响因素是病害发育和人为破坏。病害主要为裂隙与坍塌、风害、酥碱病害、水蚀、表层剥落、生物病害等,其中,普遍的病害是裂隙与坍塌和风害。1990-2010年,研究区土遗址外部地表环境发生了较大变化,耕地和居民地明显增加,草地和未利用地明显减少,尤其是交河故城和高昌故城这2个世界文化遗产区域发生的变化更明显。土遗址周围的人类活动强度在增加,绿洲内部土遗址的外部环境较绿洲边缘或外部更加剧烈;内部的土遗址更容易受到人类活动的影响,而外部环境变化的主要影响因素是人类的耕地和居民地开发活动。     

LAND USE CHANGE AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVING FORCES UNDER STRESS OF PROJECT IN OLD RESERVOIR AREA——Case Study of Linshui Reservoir Area of Dahonghe Reservoir in Sichuan Province

1IN TR O D U C TIO NA s old as hum anity itself, land use change has runthrough the w hole history ofhum an existence and evo-lution. This change has not only objectively recordedthe space patterns of the earth surface changed by hu-m ankind,but also redi…     

LAND USE CHANGE AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVING FORCES UNDER STRESS OF PROJECT IN OLD RESERVOIR AREA —— Case Study of Linshui Reservoir Area of Dahonghe Reservoir in Sichuan Province

The old reservoir areas built in 1950s- 1970s left behind many socio-economic problems, because of the administrative backward migration and little migration fund, and all these problems would be tied to land. Based on interviewing with peasant households, combining land use survey and socio-economic statistical index, this paper analyzed land use change and its corresponding driving forces in Linshui reservoir area of Dahonghe Reservoir. Results showed that land use change in the reservoir area was mainly embodied on low-lying land submergence and migration requisition land. The former changed the land use patterns, and the latter mainly reconstructed original land property and made land over-fragmented. Cultivated land per capita was 0.041ha in this area, below the cordon of cultivated land per capita enacted by FAO. Currently, there were still 30.25% of peasant households being short of grain in trimester of one year, and there were 35.27% of people living under the poverty line. The conditions of eco-environmerit in Linshui Reservoir Area were worse, and healthy and sub-healthy eco-environment accounted for less proportion, composed of green belt around the reservoir area and paddy field ecosystem, and economic forest and orchard ecosystem, respectively. The stress of the reservoir project was macroscopic background to analyze the driving factors of land use change, and real underlying diving factor of the land use change in the area was the change of cultural landscape under the stress of reservoir project. The rapid increase of population was the key factor to induce the change of man-land relationship in the reservoir area, the low level of rural economy was the crucial factor to decide how migrants input for production, and the belief of migrants, influencing the land use patterns in a certain extent, was the inducing factor to keep land use stable. The low-lying submergence and infrastructure construction accompanied the reservoir project were leading factors driving land use change in the area, while changes in land use patterns, after the reservoir being built, were the responses of peasant households＇ behaviors to land use change.     

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON LAND USE/COVER CHANGE IN THE PAST TEN YEARS IN CHINA USING SPACE TECHNOLOGY

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耦合FLUS和Markov的快速发展城市土地利用空间格局模拟方法

模拟城市土地利用空间变化格局的研究,对未来区域规划以及实现可持续发展具有十分积极的作用。以往基于FLUS的研究栅格尺度较大,如何模拟快速发展中城市的复杂土地利用变化过程,挖掘土地利用变化驱动机制值得进一步探讨。本文构建了耦合FLUS和Markov的城市土地利用格局拟合框架,创新性地引入房价指标表征社会经济属性,以深圳为研究区,基于30 m空间分辨率小栅格尺度的土地利用分类数据和基础地理、路网河网、感兴趣点等多源空间变量,模拟不同发展情景下的未来城市土地利用空间格局,并通过随机森林进行土地利用变化驱动因素分析。研究结果表明:本文提出的耦合FLUS和Markov方法相较于传统CA模型（RFA-CA和Logistic-CA）精度更高（FoM=0.22）,能更准确地模拟快速发展中城市的土地利用变化过程;多情景土地利用格局制图结果验证了城市发展过程中生态控制线的重要性,进一步说明本文拟合框架在未来城市规划布局中的参考价值;医院、娱乐场所等的基础设施和公交、路网密度等的基础交通比自然因素（高程、坡度）对城市发展的影响更大,到海岸线距离会在一定程度上限制深圳内部土地利用变化过程。本研究所构建模型及精细制图结果,可为城市区域规划和空间格局模拟等相关研究提供参考依据和理论基础。     

Impacts of land use change on landscape patterns in mountain human settlement: The case study of Hantai District(Shaanxi,China)

Mountain area is an important geographical unit of land,and its ecology is sensitive and fragile.Over the past few decades,human activities have caused dramatic changes in land use in mountainous areas,which caused changes in landscape patterns and impacts on the ecological environment.It is unknown how the mechanism of land use affects the landscape pattern at different scales.The Hantai District,a typical human settlement in the mountain area in Shaanxi,China,was chosen as the study area.Based on the remote sensing images,the mathematical models and landscape indexes were adopted to evaluate the impact of land use change from 1998 to 2017 on the landscape pattern at different scales,and its main driving forces were analyzed.The results showed that the urbanized land expanded largest from 15.39%to 24.30%,and cultivated land experienced the largest decline from 43.54%to 35.35%.Changes in land use have made the patch morphology of most land types developed from a natural random to a sawtooth shape,and its spatial pattern evolved from a ruleset to a fragmented expansion.This reflects the continuous strengthening of human intervention in the process of regional development.Under the jurisdiction of Hantai District,the biggest change in landscape pattern is in Hanzhong City and Qili Town.The improved economy and increasing population and urbanization rate were the main factors that cause these changes.This research could provide necessary information for understanding the evolution mechanism of land resources in mountainous human settlements for mountainous areas with significant geomorphic differentiation.     

30年来蒙古国和内蒙古的LUCC区域分异

本文以欧空局300m土地覆盖数据集为基础,参考20世纪70年代至2005年2期蒙古高原遥感影像,建立20世纪70年代、2005年2期土地利用及动态数据库,结合土地利用变化数量模型,分析了蒙古国与内蒙古的土地利用类型转换情况。对比分析蒙古国和内蒙古近30年来的土地利用变化强度及各地类间的转移变化,揭示2个区域的LUCC分异规律,并对土地变化的驱动力进行分析。结果显示:在自然条件及人类扰动共同作用下,蒙古国及内蒙古均表现出草地面积逐年减少,草地退化趋势明显;裸地面积不断增加,沙漠化现象严重;农田及城镇建设用地面积持续增长;水域面积呈现衰减;未利用地是其他各种土地利用类型增加的主要来源;由于人类扰动差异,蒙古国林地面积略有减少,内蒙古林地面积大幅增加。气候干暖化、人口增长,政策及社会经济发展等是驱动蒙古高原土地利用变化的主要因素。     

基于融合技术的结构性栅格时空数据平台的构建

时空数据融合是当前研究地理现象空间格局的数据存储、处理方法与有效途径。在构建国家资源环境时空数据平台过程中 ,我们设计了基于 1 km栅格单元的土地利用现状与变化数据库。这种时空数据表达方式的优点 :(1 )在保持面积信息不损失情况下明显减少了数据存储量 ,并且满足区域分析的空间尺度要求 ;(2 )便于多时间序列的数据存储与变化分析 ,以及变化专题信息提取与结果显示 ;(3)有利于区域土地利用变化环境背景与驱动力分析 ,可以实现与其他多源数据的有效融合 ;(4 )从小尺度到大尺度的空间尺度转换非常便利 ,在空间聚合的基础上能够快速实现从区域分析扩大至国家尺度、全球尺度的分析。     

中国土地利用变化遥感研究的回顾与展望——基于陈述彭学术思想的引领

20世纪80年代以来中国社会经济快速发展带来的工业化、城市化正深刻影响着中国土地利用空间格局并影响到区域和国家生态与环境状况。在陈述彭先生指导下,1992年以来中国科学院建立起了完整的土地利用/覆盖变化遥感监测与数据分析技术路线,以及独特的分类体系和动态区划体系,奠定了中国LUCC信息平台的基础。本文在系统回顾陈述彭学术思想指导中国LUCC研究的基础上,面向国家需求与国际科技前沿梳理了我国LUCC研究的核心科学问题,并总结了中国科学院团队在最近20年LUCC研究取得的成果,包括土地利用/覆盖动态时空表征与分析模型、土地利用/覆盖变化过程及驱动机制、基于大数据和云计算的土地利用/覆盖变化探测方法、城市土地利用变化的区域气候/生态效应、气候变化与土地利用变化对农田生态系统的影响、林业活动的区域气候/生态效应,在此基础上对未来LUCC研究的前景进行了展望。     

江苏省环太湖地区土地利用结构演变与驱动力分析

本文以江苏省环太湖地区为研究区域,以1996～2007年快速发展时期为研究时段,对这一特定时空的土地利用结构变化及其驱动机制进行研究。文章以大量数据为基础,分析了区域内土地利用结构动态度、信息熵和均衡度。1996年以来,江苏省环太湖地区用地结构调整即以趋向均衡的速度逐渐变缓。从2004年开始,江苏省环太湖地区用地结构趋向合理、均衡化发展。文章揭示了土地利用结构与经济发展驱动因素、农业集约化因素、城市化因素、人口因素、政策因素这五个因素有关。     

福州土地利用变化及其驱动力多元综合分析

运用地球信息技术对福州土地利用变化特征和驱动力进行了深入分析。主要以TM数据作为信息源获取两时相土地利用状况及其变化信息:用GPS快速提供变化区准确的空间位置信息和野外调查时的快速定位;并利用GIS对多种数据进行处理、集成管理、空间统计和相关分析;对土地利用变化驱动力进一步研究。     

京津唐地区城市扩张对地表蒸散发的影响

以京津唐地区为例,基于SEBS模型,利用MODIS遥感数据和气象数据,计算了2000、2005和2010年四季代表月份的平均日蒸散发量,并结合3期土地利用图,定量评估了由城市扩张引起的日蒸散发量的变化。结果表明,不同土地利用类型的日蒸散发量在不同季节表现出不同的分布规律,春、夏和秋季的日蒸散发量分布规律为水域>林地>草地>耕地>城市用地,冬季的日蒸散发量在三年的分布不一致:2000年为林地>草地>水域>城市用地>耕地,2005年为水域>林地>草地>耕地>城市用地,2010年为林地>水域>草地>城市用地>耕地。以研究区土地利用变化不明显的区域为背景区域,评估了除土地利用/覆被变化外的其他因素对京津唐地区夏季日蒸散发的影响。除去该影响后得出土地利用/覆被变化,对日蒸散发的影响,结果表明,各土地利用类型转化为城市用地会使日蒸散发降低,且水域转化成城市用地后,其日蒸散发量降低最多,2000-2005年降低了0.977mm,2000-2010年其降低值为0.983mm。     

ANALYSIS OF DRIVING FORCES ON THE CHANGE OF HISTORICAL FARMLAND USE IN SHANDONG PROVINCE DURING THE QING DYNASTY (1644-1911)

1INTRODUCTIONTheIGBP-IHDP(InternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgramme,andInternationalHumanDimensionPro-gramme)jointproject—LUCC(landuse/coverchange)isaninterdisciplinaryprogramdesignedtoimprovetheunderstandingofthedynamicsofland-useandland-coverchangeasinputstoandconsequencesofglobalenvironmentalchangeandsustainabledevelopment(CHARLOTTE,2002).Inparticularthedifferentbio-geochemicalmodeling(e.g.theglobalcarboncycle)ac-tivitiesandcomparativestudies,suchasthoseconduct-edbyIGBP-G…     

荆江分洪区人口分布变化及其驱动机制分析

人口分布及其变化规律成为人口学和地理信息科学研究的前沿及热点问题之一。选取第四次和第五次人口普查数据及2005年统计数据,结合国家资源环境数据库公里格网人口分布数据及其他数据分析荆江分洪区这一敏感区域近15年来人口变化特征:(1)人口重心向东南向移动;(2)区内人口分布不均衡,先集中后分散,总体趋势是向乡镇政府所在地及自然条件好的地区集中;(3)县政府所在地斗湖堤镇人口分布变化最大,人口也最集中,麻豪口镇和闸口镇人口最分散,此三镇决定区内人口分布变动总体趋势。(4)土地利用尤其是城镇用地及农村居民点变化是引起区内人口分布变化的重要因素,此外自然条件、政策、经济、三峡工程等对区内人口分布变化也有一定影响。     

Spatial patterns and driving forces of land change in Tibetan-inhabited Three Rivers Headwaters region,China

The Three Rivers Headwaters Region(TRHR) plays a key role in regulating water supply and climate of East Asia. A comprehensive understanding of the processes and driving forces of the long-term land use dynamics of the TRHR is needed to guide sustainable land resource management and regional ecological conservation strategies. This study examined long-term land change patterns in the TRHR and investigated the driving forces of the change. First, Landsat TM/ETM+ images covering TRHR of four time points from 1987 to 2016 were used to derive land use patterns, and statistical metrics were applied to quantify the spatial and temporal changes. Second, Principal Component Analysis and correlation analysis were employed to analyze environmental and social-economic data to identify the driving forces of land use change. Third, potential influences of the religion of Tibetan Buddhism on land use change were explored using GIS analysis, questionnaire survey and field observation. Results showed that areas of barren land, agricultural land, and built-up land largely increased, while areas of grassland and forest greatly decreased, with the highest change rate occurring in the most recent decade of analysis(from 2007 to 2016). Among the three headwater regions, the Yellow River Headwater Region showed an overall higher changing speed than the other two headwater regions. The regional driving forces of change in TRHR includedsocial-economic development, climatic condition, pressure of population growth, and environmental protection activities. It was also found that Tibetan Buddhism can help slow down the changes caused by human activities.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE CHANGES IN FUQING COUNTY OF CHINA USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

Fuqing County of southeast Chian has witnessed significant land use changes during the last decade.Re-mote sensing technology using multitemporal Landsat TM images was used to characterize land use types and to monitor land use changes in the county.Two TM scenes from 1991and 1996 were used to cover the county and a five-year time period.Digital image processing was carried out for the remotely sensed data to produce classified images.The images were further processed using GIS software to generate GIS databases so that the data could be further spatially analyzed taking the advantages of the software.Land use change areas were determined by using the change detection technique.The comparison of the two classified TM images using the above technologies reveals that during the five study years,a large area of arable lands in the county has been lost and deforestation has taken place largely because of the dramatic in-crease in built-up land and orchard.The conclusive statistical information is useful to understand the processes,causes and impacts of the land use changes in the county.The major driving force to the land use changes in the county ap-peared to be the rapid economic development.The decision makers of the county have to pay more attention to the land use changes for the county‘s sustainable development.